While the Stasi engaged in arrest and torture through the 1950s and 1960s, by the early 70s the secret police began a far more subversive campaign of psychological torture, disrupting a suspected dissident's personal life via a smear campaign, breaking into ones home to reorganize objects and making threatening phone calls, among other less obvious, but continuous provocations. 2022 The Progressive Inc. 931 E. Main Street, Suite 10 Madison, Wisconsin 53703 (608) 257-4626, Memories of a Duvalier Massacre, 50 Years Later. The Duvalier dynasty ended in 1986, but their legacy remained as Fad'H and former-members of the Tonton Macoutes attempted to suppress voter turnout during the 1987 elections. There have been many brutal regimes in history that have employed a secret police service to carry out everything from intelligence activities against its citizens, to terror and mass executions. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, V. Hinche mise en croix, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1982. LaGeurta and Doakes speak about the atrocities committed by Tonton Macoute. It is estimated that over 60,000 Haitians were killed by the MVSN during both Duvalier and his son's reign. They created the private army and terrorist death squads known as Tonton Macoutes. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 81-84; Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 21; ICHR, 1992). Learn all about Tonton Macoute on AllMusic. Tradues em contexto de "massacre 11" en ingls-portugus da Reverso Context : Skip to the part where you convince him to massacre 11 people. Students were crushed. Most of the inhabitants were forced to flee the area and several dead bodies were eaten by dogs and rodents, as family members, fearing for their lives, preferred not to collect the corpses. [1] According to one witness, the police and army provided protection for the attackers, encircling the church. As the Nazi party apparatus expanded, the control of the Gestapo shifted, ultimately landing under Heinrich Himmlers control during World War Two. p. 21. He was overthrown and exiled on September 30, 1991. National Coalition for Haitian Rights (NCHR), Massacre de la Scierie, trois prsums gnocidaires sous les verrous, Press Communiqu, Port-au-Prince, March 2, 2004. Hati et Duvalier, Les Editions Nouvelle Optique, Montreal, 1973. Unions were crushed. Former Tonton Macoutes Sentenced to Death for 1965 Killings PIERRE-YVES GLASS February 12, 1987 PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) _ A former member of the Duvalier family's private army has been sentenced to death for killing three people by firing a machine gun into a Carnival party in 1965, a court official said Thursday. [24], The Tonton Macoute remained active even after the presidency of "Papa Doc" Duvalier's son "Baby Doc" ended in 1986,[25] at the height of the Anti-Duvalier protest movement. In 1991, the Minister of Justice of President Aristides first government accused Frank Romain, who was Mayor of Port-au-Prince at the time, of having organized the killing and hence, requested his extradition from the Dominican Republic, where he was living in exile, but to no avail. 1963 (April 26): In Port-au-Prince, macoutescarried out a series of assassinations of the families of alleged opponents to the government after a failed attempt to kidnap Papa Docs son Jean-Claude. To this day, no judicial inquiry has been opened on this event. Edwidge Danticat was born in Haiti and currently lives in Miami. "He inherited a repressive machine from his father," she says, "and continued to use it to stay in power. Turits, Richard Lee, Foundations of Despotism. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes (its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded. Aided in part by the CIA, the BRAC was most notably utilized during the 26 of July Movement which brought Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries to Cuba. The Tonton Macoutes wore straw hats, blue denim shirts and dark glasses, and were armed with machetes and guns. A confidential memorandum of the Secretary of the Navy (in Gaillard, 1981: 238-241) criticized these indiscriminate killings against natives during several weeks. In July 1920, H.J. The BRAC was disbanded after Batista fled to Spain in 1959 as communist forces moved into Havana. By But it is no paradise for the country's nine million people. The total number of victims was close to a hundred. _ *** (ICHR, 1988: 81; United Nations, 2000: 9). The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH) which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes and not as the political party they claimed to be.[1]. The first independent black state, set up 200 years ago after a rebellion by African slaves against colonial France, the mountainous island is home to exotic birds and animals and mist-shrouded tropical forests. In fact, the killing also had ideological and racial dimensions, as Duvalier relied on a political ideology known as noirisme (Blackism), through which he claimed to promote the black masses against mulatto elites. Hence, the Duvalier dictatorship targeted mulatto sectors of society, seen as prone to political opposition, but also as illegitimate members of the nation. The Tonton Macoute sat at an otherwise empty table, a bottle of rum and half-filled glass in front of him. Anthropological Reflections on Religion and Violence", "5. Cuello, Jos Isreal, Documentos del conflicto domnico-haitiano de 1937. Nonetheless the regime pushed forward and even had a national party for the Tontons Macoute. The bloodbath began at the home of Montas's neighbor, Lieutenant Franois Benoit, an elite marksman who had been dismissed from the army. United Nations, Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Haiti prepared by Mr. Adama Dieng (E/CN.4/2001/106), United Nations, New York, 2004. Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, Haiti. (Sleeve) 1971 RCA Limited. In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). The Haitian Ministry of Justice, with the help of several international human rights groups such as the OAS-UN joint civilian mission (MICIVIH) and the International Lawyers Office, prosecuted several individuals involved in murders and human rights violations. In March, 1962, Papa Doc devised another refinement - the Tonton Macoutes ("bogeymen"). . "But we -- the thirty listed in the complaint -- are not the only ones," Montas stresses. The attempted kidnapping had been orchestrated by Clment Barbot, a macoute and former head of the secret services of Papa Doc, to whom he was close. The St. Jean Bosco massacre took place in Haiti on 11 September 1988. spring garden apartments shooting; keston park famous residents. NE 4; Vinyl LP). This killing was allegedly carried out in retaliation for the burning of an army lieutenants home in the area during the night of October 1. V no. With one out of every 43 Romanians on the Securitates payroll, it was nearly impossible for those opposed to the regime to organize in any meaningful numbers. Two years before the end of his mandate, President Aristide was destabilized by repeated, massive demonstrations led by student organizations since the end of 2002. Cette vido prsente des tmoignages recueillis par Amnesty International en 1985 sur les arrestations arbitraires et les actes de. . 1977 (September 21): Eight political prisoners, who had been detained in Fort-Dimanche for several years, were taken out of their cells and shot by a firing squad in Morne Christophe, outside Port-au-Prince. Massillon Coicou, one of the most prominent Haitian poets of the early 20th century, was the first victim of the killings (his death inspired Le Pote assassin by the French poet Apollinaire.) Described by one commentator as an 'international crime scene' rather than a country, Haiti became infamous around the world during the reign of Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier, a former doctor who murdered 100,000 people and formed a private band of killers called the Tonton Macoutes. Many times the corpses were put on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see. Indeed, the devastating earthquake now bringing death and heartbreak is the latest in a long line of tragedies to befall a place dubbed the Island of the Damned. Released 21 May 1971 on Neon (catalog no. The total number of victims of this 3-year regime varies from 10,000 to 30,000 people according to different sources. 1969 (April 5): Event known as the massacre de Cazale. In the village of Cazale (sometimes spelled Casale or Casal), North of Port-au-Prince, army soldiers and macouteskilled several dozen peasant families. 17:09 EST 13 Jan 2010 Eloise was the head of the feared "Tonton Macoute", the Haitian secret police. _ *** (Benoit, 2003: 6-9; Pierre-Charles, 2000: 112-113). On April 3, several macoutes arrived in the area, set several houses on fire and raped an unknown number of peasant women. Dressed eerily similar to monks and adorned with an emblem consisting of a severed dog's head and a broom, the Oprichniki led brutal campaigns of terror against potential rebellions, either real or imagined, that the Tsar wished to quell. The Tonton Macoutes, or macoutes, became an important piece of the repression apparatus of the regime, which used them to terrorize, torture and kill opponents (Diederich and Burt, 2005). _ ** (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162; ICHR, 1991: 470). These sentences were seen as a historical victory over the impunity enjoyed by instigators and perpetrators of political crimes in Haiti. _ None of those responsible for the killings and none of the perpetrators were brought to justice. Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Rapport de la Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, Port-au-Prince, 1997. Tonton Macoutes murdered over 60,000 Haitians. 06:29 EST 14 Jan 2010. During this period, the social movements fighting for the establishment of democracy, human rights and the rule of law were persecuted by the military, former macoutes and paramilitary groups called attachs. The military killed political activists and journalists and organized their disappearance. According to Pierre-Charles (2000: 208), more than 1,500 people disappeared between 1986 and 1990, most of them under the rule of General Henri Namphy, between March and October 1987. [from 20th c.] 2011, Kim Ives, The Guardian, 22 March: Every Macoute received a card that afforded him many privileges, like free merchandise from any store he entered, entitlement to coerced sex, and fear and respect from people in general. President Aristide went into exile on February 29, 2004 and found asylum in South Africa. According to a diocesian commission (Danroc and Roussire, 1995: 160-162), which photo-documented the event, the perpetrators were an army unit assisted by armed men acting on behalf of a local landowner. The Securitate was also responsible for brutally crushing the dissident movements that attempted to gain footing in Romania starting in the later 1960s under totalitarian ruler Nicolae Ceausescu. Available at: http://www.fordi9.com/Pages/Victlist/ListA.htm. Also, for the first time in Haitis history, women (Trouillot, 1990: 153 and 167), children and even infants were targeted by the regime. Benoit, G., Harnessing History to Development: the Story of Cazale, Trinity College, Haiti Papers no. Observers note that the poor were the main target of repression, although many well-known figures from the middle class, such as Aristides Minister of Justice, Guy Malary, and businessman Antoine Izmry, were also murdered by paramilitary groups. On April 26, 1986, a group of the dictatorship's survivors and their family members and supporters marched to the ruins of Fort Dimanche to remember the dead. 1991 (January 7): In Port-au-Prince, mobs of civilians supporting President-elect Aristide chased and killed macoutes, alleged macoutes and other supporters and alleged supporters of the Duvalier regime, after a failed coup attempt led by chief macoutes and former government minister Roger Lafontant. Emmanuel was a Vodou Hougan (priest) in Port Au Prince, Haiti, where he lived with his wife and children. Le Grand fauve, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince 1995. , updated He came out on to the path and the Tontons Macoute shot him down from a car. Recently, Francois Duvalier's grandson, Jean Claude's son, Franois-Nicolas Duvalier, an adviser to Haiti's current president Michel Martelly, wrote an opinion piece praising his grandfather's "republican values" and calling him a "great nationalist.". After the country's first free elections in 1991, the new president, Jean Bertrand Aristide, was forced to flee after a coup by corrupt military figures keen to control lucrative cocaine smuggling routes. However, most of those responsible for the repression escaped prosecution. Concannon, Brian, Justice Dodged, Boston Haitian Reporter, June 2005. The MVSN were responsible for systematic rape, torture, disappearances and executions in Haiti during Duvalier and his sons reign of power. In 1993, I watched as the might of the U.S. military was repelled by mobs armed with stones and clubs when American troops arrived to restore order. As of August 2004, the minister of Justice had asked for the United Nations and the OAS participation in carrying out forensic analysis. His gang lives on, murdering innocent people and allegedly eating their organs. In November 1988 armed men led by a uniformed soldier murdered Michelet Dubreus and Jean Flix - two members of the popular organization Verit who had signed a public letter identifying participants in the massacre. Conjugao Documents Dicionrio Dicionrio Colaborativo Gramtica Expressio Reverso Corporate. As a result of their political indifference, March 29, 1969 became known as the worst day for the people of Cazale as Duvalier's Tonton Macoute (private army), built a barricade around Cazale, and murdered many young men. Seligman (in Gaillard, 1983), a US journalist who investigated the occupation, asserted that US soldiers practiced bumping off Gooks, (shooting civilians) as if it were a sport or a shooting exercise. Tonton Macoute was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier.In 1970, the militia was officially renamed the Milice de Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (Militia of National Security Volunteers or MVSN, probably taking name from the homonymous Italian Fascist paramilitary organization). A separate, detailed investigation of the event by a North-American human rights specialist in early 2005 put the total number of those killed at 27 (Fuller, 2005). Political opponents often disappeared overnight, or were sometimes attacked in broad daylight. My Blog. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997 ; ICHR, 1993), 1991 (September 30 and the first few days of October): In the afternoon of September 30, a commando of army soldiers moved into the Lamentin 50 neighborhood, in the vicinity of Port-au-Prince, randomly opened fire on bystanders and private homes, and indiscriminately threw grenades into local houses. In the TV series "Two and a Half Men", Season 3 Episode 17: "The Unfortunate Little Schnauzer", Archie Baldwin makes a reference to Tonton Macoute in his UN jingle for orphaned children. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (ICHR), Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 1990-1991, Organization of American States (OAS), General Secretariat, Washington, D.C., 1991. From 1957 to 1986, the Duvalier family reigned as dictators, turning the country into a hermit kingdom with a personality cult and corruption. Journalists were crushed. He walked the streets at night, looking for children who stayed out too late. He has since published numerous books, Papa Doc: The Truth About Haiti Today (1969) and, most recently, Seeds of Fiction: Graham Greene's Adventures in Haiti and Central America, 1954-1983 (2012). The Roots of Haitian Vodou". La Droute de lintelligence, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1992. "Marking the 50th anniversary of one of the bloodiest and senseless days of the Duvalier dictatorship," she says, "will be for so many of us, a day of collective catharsis. After the revolution in Iran in 1979, SAVAK was nominally disbanded, and a new Iranian secret police force, SAVAMA, as largely feared as its predecessor, took over. Other individuals were killed in the street or while driving their car. Martissant, des Tontons Macoutes aux gangs arms - Le Nouvelliste He would also go on to sell cadavers to medical schools after buying them from Haitian hospitals for $3 per corpse. The massacre contributed to the emergence a week later of the September 1988 Haitian coup d'tat against the Henri Namphy regime, which brought to power Prosper Avril. Duvalier employed the Tonton Macoute in a reign of terror against any opponents, including those who proposed progressive social systems. Updated November 6, 2012 6:40 AM. The most infamous of these killers is the Cannibal Gang, a group of sadists once led by a former prisoner with political aspirations, who was himself shot in the eyes and had his heart cut out in 2004. Soldiers collected several bodies, which were not seen again. Several notorious macoutes, such as William Rgala, one of those responsible for the Vpres Jrmiennes, were promoted to political posts. OpenSubtitles2018.v3. A judicial inquiry was opened in July 1994. Family members who tried to remove the bodies for proper burial often disappeared themselves, never to be seen again. Faced with considerable pressure from human rights groups, the Minister of Justice eventually issued an arrest warrant on September 13, 1995. The group was tasked with rooting out looters and bandits in the country following a series of mutinies and widespread chaos in the country. Roadblocks were set up. The dreaded Oprichniki, Tsar Ivan the Terribles secret police force tasked to govern the Oprichnina territory of Russia and enforce the Tsars policy of brutal suppression of enemies of the state, were active for a mere seven years, between 1565 and 1572, but their actions remain infamous. The Cambodian Santebal started out as a secret police force under the Khmer Rouge regime and ultimately ended up morphing into essentially an extermination squad. Les Cent jours de Rosalvo Bobo ou une mise mort politique, Presses Nationales, Port-au-Prince, 1973. Trained in part by the CIA, SAVAK was an extremely repressive police force in a society that dealt with dissidents swiftly. Leaving Home 4. [9][11] They began to be called the Tonton Macoute when people started to disappear for no apparent reason. Dupuy, Alex, The Prophet and Power: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the International Community, and Haiti, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007. [6] Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (macoute) before carrying them off to be consumed for breakfast.[7][8]. All the victims were Duvalierists and close to the Duvalier family, or to Papa Doc himself. Many times they put the corpses of their victims on display, often hung in trees for everyone to see and take as warnings against opposition. This religious affiliation gave the Tontons Macoute a kind of unearthly authority in the eyes of the public. His son, Baby Doc, then replaced him and ruled until 1986. Having returned Aristide briefly to power in 1994, the US military acting in concert with Canadian and French military forces, and in close coordination with former Tonton Macoutes and army . However, women and children were systematically excluded from repression (even the families of the leaders of the various rebellions against Alexiss regime). During the time of the NKVD, nearly ten million prisoners died in the Gulags, while millions more languished for years in the forced labour camps. Renda, Mary, Taking Haiti, Military Occupation and the Culture of US Imperialism, 1915-1940, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2001. [citation needed] After Duvalier's death, he was ordered into exile by Duvalier's widow Simone, and son, Baby Doc Duvalier. Not surprisingly, the Gestapo is number one of this list. Created as a paramilitary force that answered only to Duvalier, the MVSN was implemented to remove any perceived threats to the President's power, of which there were many. This subject is politically and emotionally charged. The NKVD was responsible for the detention of nearly two million people between 1937 and 1938 alone; of those detained almost 700,000 were executed, a rate of roughly 1,000 per day. Explore Tonton Macoute's discography including top tracks, albums, and reviews. The Tonton Macoutes were later disbanded, but remnants of the former militia periodically resurfaced and were blamed for numerous incidents of bloodshed. There should be no statute of limitations on the disappeared.". The founder and leader of FRAPH, Emmanuel Toto Constant, lives in exile in the United States, in spite of pressure from human rights organizations to have him extradited to Haiti. Following Stalins death in 1953, the NKVDs atrocities were halted by Nikita Khrushchev, with many living victims absolved of their crimes. In less than 11 years, the Khmer Rouge and its secret police murdered nearly two million people. In December 2003, more than 13 years after the event, the investigative magistrate (who was the seventh to work on the case) issued a report indicting 53 suspects, including the various landowners and General Prosper Avril, for nine charges including murder. Gaillard, Roger, Les Blancs dbarquent, VII, La Gurilla de Batraville, Le Natal, Port-au-Prince, 1983. They were killed in an infirmary where they were being treated for wounds received during the battle. They allegedly wanted revenge for the murder of a sergeant from the local barracks earlier that day. He profited by extortion carried out by his henchmen and by supplying corpses and blood to universities and hospitals in the United States. The Duvaliers relied on a secret armed militia called Tonton macoutes(its official name was the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale, or National Security Volunteers), which imposed a rule of terror on the Haitian population (Diederich and Burt, 2005). Day group, London and Bedford Barcode and Other Identifiers In addition, 82 houses had been looted and torched. These figures were contested by interviewed witnesses. 1994 (April 22): Event known as the massacre de Raboteau. In Raboteau, a shantytown of Gonaives, Artibonite, army soldiers and FRAPH members killed 14 opponents to the regime in a well-planned operation. _ *** (Commission Nationale de Vrit et de Justice, 1997: Chapter V, section B). Manigat, Leslie, Eventail dHistoire vivante dHaiti, vol. The de-facto regime relied on paramilitary death squads known as FRAPH, which carried out most of the executions and persecution of opponents and alleged opponents. This was the name given to the members of the Volontaires de la Scurit Nationale (National Security Volunteers), Franois and Jean-Claude Duvaliers militia force, created because Papa Doc did not trust the military to guarantee his safety. Tonton Macoutes, a militia force put together in 1959 by President Franois Duvalier, translated, means Uncle Gunnysack, referring to a bogeyman that captures children in a gunnysack and eats them for breakfast. _ * (Gaillard, 1983: 40-42, 152 and 282; Gaillard, 1981: 205-213). There should also be no statute of limitations on memory, whose precarious preservation can sometimes become a hazardous task. (Label) 1971 Pulsar / Carlin Music Manufactured by RCA Limited, England. In several occasions, young children were tortured. Others, who slowed down their pace of work, were killed with machetes (Gaillard, 1982). 8 no. Most of the victims of this popular justice lived downtown and, therefore, were macoute chiefs of lesser importance or even miserable wretches (Trouillot, 1990: 155). Many of the victims targeted were believed to be voodoo priests because of their alleged involvement with the Duvalier regime. 1919 (November): At least two US planes bombed and shot at the civilian population of two villages of Thomazeau, in the southeastern region of the central plateau, and allegedly killed half of their inhabitants. macoutes Sony Borges and Grard Brunache extinguished their cigarettes in the eyes of crying children. Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network, Asia-Pacific under Japanese occupation during World War II. The Tonton Macoute move in shadows, like ghosts. There should be no statute of limitations for judgment on that. Tonton Macoute a member of a notoriously brutal militia formed by President Franois Duvalier of Haiti, active from 1961-86. The most feared paramilitary group during the 1990s was the Front for the Advancement and Progress of Hati (FRAPH), which Toronto Star journalist Linda Diebel described as modern Tonton Macoutes, and not the legitimate political party it claimed to be.
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