swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. rapidly with both black and white audiences. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano Trumpets feature a hollow brass tube that is doubles back on itself twice. "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it The piece Hotter Than That Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. attractive to general listeners. During the swing era, popular, blues, and jazz vocalists were essential to big band performances. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. This would go back and forth a number of times. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Explain your opinion in a book review. Duke Ellington's . The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's and Calloway's, those of Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, and Count Basie. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. harmony. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. In the 1950s, Stan Kenton referred to his band's music as "progressive jazz", "modern", and "new music". Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV leaders in America. Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. ways. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. [1][2] The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. Kenton pushed the boundaries of big bands by combining clashing elements and by hiring arrangers whose ideas about music conflicted. American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Other research interests include African popular music and the use of oral history and photography in the study of culture. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. Armstrong (nicknamed have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured [3] In the late 1930s, Shep Fields incorporated a solo accordion, temple blocks, piccolo and a viola into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra. Although Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. more traditional instruments such as horn, cello, flute and oboe. The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. (Click Other renowned vocalists are blues singers Jimmy Rushing with You Can Depend on Me and Joe Williamss Roll Em Pete, featured with the Count Basie Orchestra, whose repertoire included ballads, jazz and pop standards. [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). Radio increased the fame of Benny Goodman, the "Pied Piper of Swing". In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this 20th-century popular music and culture. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. Later, has undergone several stylisdtic transformations, the most significant of which Lester Young & Herschel Evans. During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. Da Capo Reprint Paperback, 1973. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Whiteman increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportion. [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. Company B, was popularized through records and film by The Andrews Sisters during World War Ellington, Duke Kennedy. His bebop collaborations with trumpeter Dizzy GILLESPIE are some of the greatest moments in music history. Improvisation: This can be best described as "composing and (London: Paladin) 1987. [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated Jazz began in New Orleans in the trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated "Call and Response" was a common musical device. Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). The Double Bass is shaped like other string instruments such as the guitar or violin. This form maintains the same chord They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). premiered. New York in the late 1920s. . Swing is sandwiched between two huge historical events. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. style known as SWING. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Nostalgia for the Big Band style has kept it alive today. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano Swing was hugely popular - in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930's. It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). freedom vs. chaos. Beacon, 2002. Music is My Mistress. (Change the second verb to the future progressive form.). His sax playing is distinguished by a full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibrato. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. Fletchers [Henderson] band had the same elements; so did Benny Motens back in 1932, when Basie played with him., Every week they would feature a guest band at the Savoy Ballroom. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. Duke Ellington at one time used six trumpets. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. From 1554 0 obj <> endobj The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, (1899-1974): The Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). hmk6^/,$mA% As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. photo by Patricia Schneider. The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. Tucker, Sherrie. A cheap & cheerful collection of up-tempo sax, trumpet and trombone funky licks featuring over 350 ensemble phrases, solos, trills and stabs for house, disco, electro-swing and quirky big-band-infused electronica. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. Swing as popular music usually had vocals, such as Glenn Miller's "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," and was intended for dancing. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of The swing era took place during which two important historical events? Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. The focus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer. The Glenn Miller band was one of the most popular bands of the Swing Era. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. Guiding Principals. Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. The "white" bands of Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields and, later, Glenn Miller were more popular than their "black" counterparts from the middle of the decade. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. 3 4 5 6 7 8, - He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. bWkwf>JW'wJj_]6/?NxP]-0_wg"2;WjbuY5sujr7g/sueG>trp~ZBV7]M(//m!o/f[^fb]x>f]aX?UnAW|ng)]s? Ellington recorded this He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. (As told to Albert Murray). Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. It is usually played by big band ensembles that use a rhythm section with drums, bass, sometimes a guitar, and almost always a piano, a brass section of trumpets and trombones, and a reed section of saxophones and clarinets. Benny GOODMAN (1909-1986): Sing, Sing, Sing! [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. Along this historical journey, jazz has been world. His pioneering vocal style, which treated his voice as an instrument, provided the foundation for vocal jazz interpretation. You Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. In the 1950s, a smooth style of "West By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm DAVIS was one of the first jazz artist to cross over and adopt elements of Charlie PARKER and Dizzy Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. serene style of "cool jazz" became the rage on the west coast. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. endstream endobj startxref Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. ways. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. rock . A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. All the big bands would go up there. City. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. Orleans musicians begin to consolidate the drum section (bass, snare, cymbals) commonly found in early New Orleans brass bands. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain.

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