Everyone present had gotten criminal justice, but they knew of many who hadnt. Helpful Information: Phone: (949) 436-5915; Email: info@sgcorange.com; Sunday Service: 121 S Center St, Orange, CA 92866; Learn More: About. Families moved from across the country to be a part of an SGM church family. Early on, her husband, Dominic Palmer, whom shed met there, led one of the small fellowship groups that underscore church life, and she dutifully assisted him. When the couple attended, they sometimes left their children with the teenage son of another member. Morales always convinced her that God was telling him to move on, but now she thinks he was running away from other alleged victims. Parents were reporting that their children had been sexually abused by other church members. Sovereign Grace Churches began with a conviction: churches are stronger together. They saw churches existing not in distant association but in close and vital . This time, with Rose having a history of self-mutilation and having undergone a psychiatric hospitalization, Sarah and Richard went to the police. Sovereign Grace Churches . Members often bought houses in the same neighborhood. Describing credible allegations of sexual abuse coverup in the network of Sovereign Grace Churches. Why hadnt she gone to any of his court hearings?Pam says another CLC pastor urged her to write a letter to the court requesting leniency for her daughters abuser, and she was upset that she had done so. There was nothing in there that had any significance or anything helpful.. [19] In the mid-1990s, while Tomczak was still involved in the group's leadership, religious anthropologist Dr. Karla Poewe wrote that "Vineyard is particularly attractive to the young and intellectual People of Destiny serves a Catholic constituency" although participants at that time would not agree with this assessment,[20] contrasting PDI with the Vineyard Church. Sovereign Grace Ministries, which represents over 80 churches, wields some influence in the Evangelical world primarily through Covenant Life Church. The Church is located at 7505 Muncaster Mill Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, and at 2002 Fandango Court, Louisville, KY 40245. Sovereign Grace Churches is a confessional family of churches. 6) People withdrew from us, or fell silent. Ben Williams 7 subscribers Rachael Denhollander on The Story with Martha Maccallum 3-16-18. Sovereign Grace Church Leaders Remove Wife from Women's Small Group Leader Position after Couple Asks Questions April 18, 2018 Julie Anne *** Both Jeff Owens and his wife Sarah recently sent out a thread of tweets regarding a recent experience they had at their former (unidentified) Sovereign Grace church. While the public focus was mostly on Mahaney, the Survivors blog had become a place where other families, compelled by Kates missive, were speaking out about sex abuse. Beneath Mahaney, some members felt that the social hierarchy was clearly delineated, with pastors ranking above all, then men, then women, and children. SGC Fairfax executive pastor Vince Hinders denied the allegation in an e-mail, adding: We want you to know that we never covered up or tried to cover up child abuse of any kind in our church. Don Nalle, a spokesman for CLC, said by e-mail: Our heart and practice is to comfort and protect those who have experienced abuse or neglect, including victims of sexual abuse. None notified the police. Peggy Welshs disturbing experience dated all the way to 1987. For more than 40 years, Sovereign Grace Ministries was a haven for evangelical Christians from around the D.C. metro region. By 1997, Tomczak had left the movement. DC Chocolate Shop Robbed (Twice) Before Valentines Day, Thieves Go on Card-Skimming Crime Spree Around DC, Inside Georgetowns Disastrous Student Government Election, The Cherry Blossom Princess Tradition, Explained. in proper biblical fashion. especially in new calvinist churches such as C J Mahaney's Sovereign Grace Ministries . Until that moment, Pam had no idea there were other families out there just like hers. A Montgomery County judge dismissed their suit based on technicalities, including the states restrictive civil statute of limitations for child-sex-abuse cases. 3) Online forums ripped us to shreds. Photograph by James Thompson. The couples only daughter, Ann (her middle name), started having night terrors and became frightened of the bathroom. Peggy balked at the prospect. I told them I will not speak to you about this at all, any longer, unless you refer to this as when my daughter was raped, and if you cant say when my daughter was raped, then youre saying she wasnt.. [41] In 2002, the group adopted its next name of "Sovereign Grace Ministries. To put it simply: Sovereign Grace Churches (SGC; formerly Sovereign Grace Ministries) and its individual churches and leaders, present and former, who have been accused of failing to. In real life, though, it doesnt take a Calvinist to know that when you combine built-in power imbalances with a skepticism of outside authorities, all manner of chaos can follow. A subsequent examination of the case, conducted by an independent investigator, found that the allegations of child sex abuse detailed in the lawsuit "likely never happened at all" (except for the two which had been promptly reported and prosecuted several decades earlier). Morales was found guilty and, more than two decades after his crimes, was sentenced to 40 years in prison. 41 on the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart. She also found Susan Burke, a Baltimore litigator known for taking on the US military over its handling of sexual assault and harassment. I was done with the whole thing, Kate says. Barely in their twenties, the founders made a dynamic team. Taylor's allegations of fact are found in paragraphs 107-112 in the SAC. His next step, he said, was moving to Canada to attend seminarythe sort of formal education, he said, that neither he nor Mahaney had ever gotten and that both men had once dismissed. in all the history of Sovereign Grace Ministries than I did, Detwiler says. 'This resulted in the victims family being corrected when they should have been gently cared for as sufferers,' he said, according to the Washingtonian Magazine article. [44][self-published source?]. One man said that Morales goaded him with guilt: Morales claimed that if his advances were resisted, he would have to seek out prostitutes and men in bathrooms and could get AIDS. Do you think that cover-up of sex abuse would happen over and over again if women were involved in policy?. But for the purposes of their class-action lawsuitand for demonstrating that SGM as an institution had failed its membersit wasnt that simple. It was insincere.. [12] Tomczak co-founded the church with C. J. As a Reformed Church we hold the wonderful gospel of Jesus Christ found in the sacred Scriptures as the Word of God relevant for all of our life. That year, her husband, David Adams, admitted to sexually abusing her daughter (whom he had adopted) over several years from the time she turned 11. Prior to 2002 it was known as PDI International and before that, People of Destiny. Montgomery County police investigated and filed no charges. [35] Additionally, the Sovereign Grace churches in Indiana and Altoona, PA, Sarasota and Daytona Beach, FL and Charlottesville, VA cut ties with the movement during this period. Louisville, KY 40243. A few years earlier, a pair of disillusioned followers had launched a blog called SGM Survivors. Down the street, Jacob, the 15-year-old babysitter, was acting out so intensely that his mother confided to Kate about how worried she was. 13 were here. Like most within SGM, the family lived a life that revolved around the community. Her warrior look, her mother calls it. Pam had visited the blog before. His direct role in the sex-abuse crisis is difficult to traceusually his deputies were tasked with handling the matters and the reconciliation processes. Hillsong, a global megachurch based out of Australia has faced controversy in recent months most famously for Hillsong East Coast's pastor Carl Lentz 's firing due to infidelity, but also for alleged spiritual abuse and for promoting a celebrity culture. Predictably, the judge questioned her very legitimacy as a plaintiff. 7501 Muncaster Mill Road, Gaithersburg, . In 2012 Mahaney and Sovereign Grace Churches relocated from Maryland to Kentucky, in part to strengthen ties with Southern Seminary. Get Connected. 4) Minor children, suffocated by public reaction, suffered horribly. He and his wife, Sherry, along with their five children, live in the Hollins area of Roanoke County. The actual victim did not participate in that lawsuit. Not only did it lower the numbers in church (and, very importantly, the offering!) . According to a psychological evaluation he underwent in prison, his assault of his daughter consisted first of fondling and later of oral sex, during times when he thought she was asleep.. Taylor says, Were blessed to have badass parents who fightbefore Rose finishes his sentence: for their children and for other children., Peggy Welsh moved to California in 2012. According to Kate, he told his mother he had been inappropriate with Ann, who was three when the abuse occurred; it had happened while he was changing Anns diapershe was asleep, he claimed, and hadnt woken up. In the 1970s a group of young believers, reading their Bibles with fresh eyes, were captured by the New Testament vision of interdependent congregations. . The pastors refused to listen to what happened to [Ann], and they kept telling me I was making a big deal out of nothing, Kate recalls. [21][22], Although reconciled with C. J. Mahaney in 2011,[23][24] Tomczak earlier described the parting of ways with Sovereign Grace Ministries as "an unbelievable nightmare" during which his family "were threatened in various ways if [they] did not cooperate with [PDI/SGM] A letter was circulated in an attempt to discredit me and to distort the events surrounding my departure. The Washingtonian/February 14, 2016 By Tiffany Stanley Pam Palmer was at a barbecue when she heard the news. SGM members were stunned to learn that when it came to their founders personal failings, Mahaney and Tomczak had spurned full reconciliation with each other. On July 6, 2011, Mahaney announced that he would be taking a leave of absence as a team reviewed charges brought against him of "pride, unentreatability, deceit, sinful judgment, and hypocrisy." Pride? Burke describes the saga as heartbreaking and grueling. She plans to file a new suit in Virginia against the Fairfax church on behalf of at least two plaintiffs. A leading Southern Baptist figure on Thursday apologized for supporting a religious leader who was accused of helping conceal sexual abuses at his former church, and for making a joke that he. 2. [51] Larry Tomczak, a co-founder of SGM, who left the organization in the late 1990s, was alleged to have abused and assaulted a child in the form of administering corporal punishment over a period of twenty-five years. Sovereign Grace Church of Fairfax denies discouraging the family from going to the authorities and says they recommended reporting the matter. When contacted by phone, David declined to answer questions, but he did say of his past: You dont move on. Young Christian men around the country began flocking to Gaithersburg for mentoring. . But while the legal system was at work, a different kind of justice was being meted out at church. It just didnt work that way.. 5) An un-accused spouse was laid off and later denied another job. Sovereign Grace Ministries Sovereign Grace Ministries Lawsuit My Thoughts on Josh Harris as a "Fallen Christian" July 26, 2019 Julie Anne Layman was not on trial and was not given an opportunity to clarify his remarks in court. Why had she and Dominic agreed to meet and forgive the young man, as the church taught? When Christians appear in a courtroom and they come from the same church community that has fostered trust and spiritual unity, the guidelines state, they will likely find the legal process to be highly offensive. Reconciliation between a repentant abuser and a victim is presented as the ultimate goal. The ordeal prompted her to go back to school to earn her bachelors degree in psychology, and she hopes to become a therapist for abuse survivors. [61] As of January 2018, two years later, no such lawsuit has been filed. How would he not have woken her up? Since then, five other albums have charted, the highest being From Age To Age (2012) at No. Around Peggys kitchen table, the families told other stories they knewof families who were afraid to come forward. To date the police have filed no charges against anyone in that case. We belong to the United Reformed Churches of North America. (The church says it never discouraged the family from contacting authorities.) Kates daughter, Ann, now a junior in college, has grown into a bright all-American girl, tall with long brown hair. Survivors and non-survivors alike need legal protection. [63], 3. We share our story, Richard wrote on the blog, with the hope that those with similar experiences will be encouraged to write their own and bring it to the light.. I wish they would have reported it to the authorities sooner.. That child was abused at age 2 by a babysitter whose case was criminally prosecuted in 1993. The submission theology at the root of the abuses alleged in the lawsuit is not unique to SGM. They should also call a lawyer, preferably one with ethics grounded in Scripture, for legal advice. "[72], Maryland State Senate Committee Hearings (March 2016), Hocken includes SGM in his list of restorationists; see Stanley M Burgess, Eduard M van der Maas (eds), Wagner includes SGM in his list of apostolic networks; see Stanley M Burgess, Eduard M van der Maas (eds), Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 03:55, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "KEEPING THEIR EYES on the CROSS; Gospel truth draws at Covenant Life", The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, "C.J. The Rev. When the group met for the first time in October 2011 at Peggy Welshs Rockville home, Pams husband stayed behind. [62] Charlotte Ennis, a member of the church, testified that the lawsuit was, "an egregious, and even bizarre, $50 million class action suit alleging child sexual abuse and cover up that was undoubtedly false." I left SGM in 2009. It was a farce. at 9:30am and 10:45am for Sunday School and Corporate Worship and on Wed. at 6:30pm for Bible Study and prayer. 2) Anonymous calls were made to business clients, threatening them for doing business with us. This article appears in the February 2016 issue of Washingtonian. For more than two years, four pastors held multiple meetings with the two families. For a time after David went to jail, Peggy says, CLC subsidized the childrens schooling and sent over food and babysitters. 7) Questions harassed us: Could we lose everything financing a defense? A church planting network that has greatly troubled us since before launching our blog is Sovereign Grace Churches (formerly Sovereign Grace Ministries). Bob and his . Amid a series of crises, including the resignation of its leader, the evangelical powerhouse has shed more than half its . He would have lost all of it had he remained faithful to our Lord Jesus Christ and dealt with C.J. We believe our history as a church and the facts bear that out. Morales was not and never has been a pastor or staff member of a Sovereign Grace church. Bob oversees the music of Sovereign Grace Church of Louisville and helps provide pastoral care. Pam Palmer was at a barbecue when she heard the news. [46] Sovereign Grace Music is directed by worship leader Bob Kauflin, former member of Christian band Glad, and is known for lyrics that are founded in biblical doctrine. Documentation was found showing the family of one plaintiff was immediately advised to notify authorities. But that didn't spare us from a witch hunt. Sermons. False criminal charges can result in a jail term or hefty fine, however.". [23][24][29] On January 25, 2012, Mahaney was reinstated as president of the organization by the board after three review panels found no reason to disqualify C.J. [13] Mahaney describes himself as a "former pothead. Its a troubling document. Pam Palmer, who organized the lawsuit and is also the mother of plaintiff Renee Palmer Gamby, was present and testified at the March 8, 2016 Maryland Senate Committee Hearing in favor of SB 69. The business has been a family affair. Chad was ordained as a pastor in 2021. In the case brought by Robin Roe (pseudonym), Ennis testified that. Roses abuser was prosecuted, and the church cooperated with the investigationbut the debacle sparked a turbulent (and ultimately failed) reconciliation process with the church that lasted three years. Otherwise, its up to the parents to report abuse. [51][55], The plaintiffs only asked the court to determine whether or not there had been a conspiracy to cover up abuse. We had gotten into a healthier place, Kate says. It was like a public square, and an increasingly crowded one at that, where former congregants of Sovereign Grace churchesthere were roughly 90 at the timegathered to vent. Actually, she was charged and imprisoned by state and federal authorities for crimes of fraud, theft, drug possession, drug trafficking, and weapons concerns. Mahaney was a Takoma Park pot smoker when he found God and opened a church. Among them was Joshua Harris, scion of an influential homeschooling family and newly minted author ofI Kissed Dating Goodbye,an abstinence-until-marriage manifesto he wrote at age 21 that today is an evangelical cult classic. Sovereign Grace Music is directed by worship leader Bob Kauflin, former member of Christian band Glad, and is known for lyrics that are founded in biblical doctrine. Im an evangelical Christian woman, but I said on the blog: Someone needs to sue these bastards. Larry Tomczak reported that Mahaney had gone out of his way to rebuild their relationship after 13 years of estrangement. [65], In a different case in 2014, Nathaniel Morales, a youth mentor at Covenant Life Church, who "led youth bible studies, directed worship teams, and even attended sleepovers,"[66] was convicted of abusing four boys between 1983 and 1991. In the world beyond SGM, the family thrived, including Ann, who loved theater and dance and made the high-school cheerleading team. Investigators found that the supposed ringleader teacher was not even at the school for the majority of that year. When Kate first raised alarms about abuse, Mahaney was already fueling a slow burn inside his ministry. Sovereign Grace Chapel is a Christ-centered, Bible-believing community of Christians. [69][70], In November 2013, SGM issued a statement saying that, years after pastoral counsel was sought, "allowing courts to second guess pastoral guidance would represent a blow to the First Amendment. The law as it stands, does both. [49] In 2011, Sovereign Grace Music's album Risen charted at No. 515 Dennison Road, Southbridge, MA 01550 Over the next 40 years, he expanded it from a hippie congregation into an evangelical empire. The familys son Taylor, too, is healing: Joining the original lawsuit persuaded him to go to therapy with his wife, and theyre working through how the ordeal affects their intimacy and marriage. I just knew somebody had to do something, she says. I have never conspired to protect a child predator, and I also deny all the claims made against me in the civil suit, he said in a rare statement after the Morales verdict came down. This is necessary because the pastors in Sovereign Grace churches continue to deceive members by denying any conspiracy whatsoever to cover up the sexual abuse of children. SGM churches typically have a lead pastor and a staff of deputy pastors to oversee different spheres of church life. Mahaney. It was coded in positive language, as a growth thing, says Hnnah Ettinger, a Peace Corps volunteer who grew up in an SGM church outside Richmond. Ennis testified only about the Maryland plaintiffs. He shouted, Jobs friends were wrong! It was as if Mahaney, now 62, had recreated an earlier time in his ministryonce again assembling a new, makeshift church, an audience full of idealistic young families. You wanted a sanctified plumber.. What if these assaults were still going on? As reported in Time Magazine (February 2016), Susan Burke, the lawyer for the victims, plans to file another lawsuit in Virginia, involving the two individuals from that jurisdiction. Slowing down for emphasis, he added, What you do matters.. Wander into one of their services at Christ Church on Massachusetts Avenue, Northwest, in the 1970s and you could find nearly 2,000 people captivated by the music and their preaching. The next time the families met, Burke joined them. [51] The plaintiffs claimed that church leaders, including Mahaney, did not report accusations of misconduct to the police. HAYDOCK CATHOLIC BIBLE COMMENTARY. Mayo also testified that her "husband had contemporaneous records from the 1980s that refuted the allegations. ", Mayo said, at the close of her Senate Committee testimony, "I was burned by sexual abuse in the early 70s; were being burned by the false accusation of it now. SGM represented a society unto itself, one that functioned parallel to mainstream culture and that distrusted that wider, secular world. You can read more in the About Us section. . Sovereign Grace United Reformed Church is a congregation of the Lord Jesus Christ located on the north east side of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Moraless patterns were as stealthy as they were insidious: He would approach his victims at night, and theyd awake to find him fondling or orally raping them. The tone at CLC in Gaithersburg was different. You can read their letter to the public here. Maryland's highest civil court, the Court of Appeals, denied certiorari on September 24, 2014, permanently ending the case. There were three plaintiffs initially, but it wasnt long before others came forward. Its all too common, these days, to see an organization caught up in a sex-abuse scandal. [15][16], Tomczak and Mahaney and the movement were influenced by Bryn Jones and Terry Virgo, leaders of the British New Church Movement. The article quotes Plaintiff's attorney, Susan Burke, saying that she "plans to file a new suit in Virginia against the Fairfax church on behalf of at least two plaintiffs." He currently has the joy of being a pastor at Sovereign Grace Church of Louisville. Since the scandal, more than 30 churches have left the denominationincluding Covenant Life and SGC Fairfax. Contact Us. With congregations numbering in the thousands, SGM's churches including Sovereign Grace Church in Fairfax, Va. and Covenant Life Church in Gaithersburg, Md. She was pregnant with the couples ninth childhow would she support them all? As of January 2018, two years later, no new lawsuit has been filed. We were proud, Mullery went on, his voice breaking. An internet lynch mob can go on forever, but the law should protect innocent people from legal charges they cant defend, like those from the distant past. According to an audio recording of the meeting, senior pastor Mark Mullery blamed the churchs model of reconciliation. [28][vague], In the summer of 2009, Detweiler, who had left the SGM board in 2009, released a series of documents detailing numerous grievances with Mahaney, including concerns about Mahaney's leadership style. Sovereign Grace Ministries takes seriously the Biblical commands to pursue the protection and well being of all people, especially the most vulnerable in its midst, little children." The abuse and cover-up allegations are just part of a string of issues Sovereign Grace Ministries has dealt with recently in view of the public. He was also ensconced among the countrys evangelical elite. According to Kate, the Fairfax pastors reminded her that everyone was a sinnerJacob had done wrong, but so had Kate and Edward by not letting go of their bitterness. In fact, the sexual abuse might have been dismissed by all but the families who survived it, but Mahaneys downfall brought attention to the ministrys secrets. In so doing, they are active participants in the pervasive coverup. Sovereign Grace Churches (SGM; previously Sovereign Grace Ministries and People of Destiny International, PDI) is a group of Reformed,[2] neocharismatic,[3] Evangelical, restorationist,[4] Christian churches primarily located in North America. Bob Kauflin . We are now holding services at 12:00PM at Faith Baptist Church. Pastors had begun confronting him on character flaws such as pride and stubbornness. (SGC, formerly known as SGM, formerly known as PDI, formerly known as GOB,) Sovereign Grace Churches has been plagued with the continual bleeding of members and churches in the face of their stubborn refusal to allow an independent investigation into what Christian talk show host, Janet Mefferd called, "American evangelicalism's biggest sex Pam had been one of the churchs early followers back in the 1980s. Taylor was sexually abused by an older boy who was the son of a pastor in Sovereign Grace Church of Fairfax according to the SAC and public statements made by pastors Mark Mullery, Vince Hinders and Lou Gallo at a church meeting on July 24, 2011. "[65] Subsequently, Covenant Life Church former pastor Grant Layman [Mahaney's brother-in-law] said, while testifying about allegations against Nathaniel Morales, that he [Layman] had not reported the abuse to the police. Sovereign Grace Presbyterian Church (PCA) is a growing community in Charlotte who have been transformed by the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and who want to know, worship and live for God. The actual teacher was the accuser's own mother. SB 69 died in committee following the hearing. With David on banjo, the group plays at festivals, restaurants, and church events around Washington. St Martin's Church (German: Martinskirche) is a Protestant parish church in Kassel, Hesse, Germany.It is also the preaching-church of the bishop of the Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck.It is in the Gothic style and was begun in 1364 and completed in 1462, dedicated to St. Martin of Tours.It became a Protestant church in 1524, when Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse converted to . In an emotional sermon in January 2015, Harris recounted how Mahaney had trained and anointed him. Sermons. People were the best of friends, the closest of friends, says Brent Detwiler, an early leader. The mood was repentant: A group of pastors acknowledged the stories of abuse and issued a tearful apology to the families. Sex Abuse Scandal Hits Two Suburban Churches Inside the Investigation into Child Sexual Abuse at Sovereign Grace Ministries The Sex-Abuse Scandal That Devastated a Suburban Megachurch Evangelical child molester sentenced to 40 years Nathaniel Morales of Covenant Life Church convicted of sexually abusing young boys Sunday Morning Service - 10:00 AM Wednesday Evening Service - 7:00 PM Saturday Radio - 8:30 AM WEMM 107.9 FM Morales had been an active member of Covenant Life Church in the 1980s and early 90s, known for his beautiful singing voice and for his mentorship of the congregations young men, leading Bible studies and taking them to movies and ball games. The following morning, the church celebrated its third anniversary. The theological focus gradually shifted during the mid 1990s and it was later suggested that the increasing New Calvinism of PDI was a major factor in Larry Tomczak's departure from the movement. The larger movement, meanwhile, would come to flourish in 26 states, with partnerships in 21 countries, a model for other organizations. Mahaney Calvinism Christian Marriage Divorce Leaving the Church Marriage Marriages Damaged-Destroyed by Sp. The Rev. A team arrived in April of 1981 of 11 people, including Tomczak and family. A lawyer for Mahaney, Loftness, and Ricucci declined to comment. In Fairfax, the church leadership called a meeting with its congregation. Over the years, the ministry expanded to Ashburn, Fredericksburg, and Germantown; Cleveland, Jacksonville, and Pasadena; and on to the Philippines, Mexico, and the UK, until it had some 28,000 adherents around the globe. Over dinner last summer, Pam marveled at what a homeschooling, stay-at-home Christian mom managed to dobring a group of people together to stand up against a denomination led by men. Her pastors at CLC warned her that adultery was immoral, she says, and asked her to leave. It was 2011, five years after her family had left Covenant Life Church. By the way, I served on the Board of Directors for SGM from its inception in 1982. By 1982, theyd launched their overarching ministry to plant new congregations, and they soon adopted whats now known as Sovereign Grace Church of Fairfax. No fancy lawyers to get anybody off the hook, he quipped, to laughs. In 2013, in a lawsuit against our church, a woman accused my husband and three others of molesting her twenty-five years earlier. On March 8, 2016, two individuals testified before the Maryland State Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee regarding the Sovereign Grace Ministries lawsuit. The court also found that the "Covenant Life School" sued by the plaintiffs did not exist during the time frame of the alleged abuse.[59][60]. "[71] Regarding the accuracy of the plaintiffs' claims, SGM released a statement saying that "SGM is not in a position to comment on the specific allegations at this time, but upon review it appears the complaint contains a number of misleading allegations, as well as considerable mischaracterizations of intent.
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