A Sketch of Proto-Afrasian Phonology - DocsLib Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic are also spoken north of the Sahara so it must be assumed that the speakers of these "dialects" migrated north likewise, though perhaps separately from the Boreafrasian speakers (Dalby, p.6). ), (root seen also in #984 + *n non-fin. BLACK ATHENA: THE Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (The Fabrication, - $16.27. 1 Afro-Asiatic Language Family. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any written works, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing, and extrapolates ancient forms from these similarities. Central Sudanic (p-Central Sudanicp-Sara-Bongo-BagirmiSinyarBirrip-Mangbetu) However, not one of Militarev's proposed 32 agricultural roots can be considered diagnostic of cultivation. They can occur together with subject pronouns but cannot fulfill an object function. [174] It is found in Egyptian, Semitic, and possibly, in some relic forms, Berber. [3] The phylum has six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Omotic. [195] Writing in 2004, John Huehnergaard notes the great difficulty in establishing cognate sets across the family. The Egyptian prefix has a middle voice/intransitive/or passive meaning. innovation: as synonym for #505), (vowel reconstruction uncertain: PAA *u, *ee, or *oo are also possible here; contrary to earlier views, this is surely a distinct root from #503), (Eg., Sem. Momo p-Gurunsi Proto-Semitic was a contemporary of PIE. This can be found in Semitic, Egyptian, Beja, Berber, and Chadic. Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. Allan Bomhard's own reconstructions of Proto-Afroasiatic roots (and phonology) seem to be biased toward Proto-Indo-European and Nostratic roots . [64] In the same year T.N. [44], The c. 30 Omotic languages are still mostly undescribed by linguists. ; PS, Eg., Ch. Diamond and Bellwood adopt Militarev's ( 2) solitary counterclaim of proto-Afroasiatic cultivation. [11] In 1855, Ernst Renan named these languages, related to Semitic but not Semitic, "Hamitic," in 1860 Carl Lottner proposed that they belonged to a single language family, and in 1876 Friedrich Mller first described them as a "Hamito-Semitic" language family. NE Sudanic [147][148] Berber instead contrasts between the "free state" and the "annexed state," the latter of which is used for a variety of purposes, including for subjects placed after a verb and after certain prepositions. p-Cangin [101][a] The emphatic consonants are typically formed deeper in the throat than the others;[99] they can be realized variously as glottalized, pharyngealized, uvularized, ejective, and/or implosive consonants in the different branches. [66], Meinhof's version of the "Hamitic theory" remained prevalent until the 1940s, when it was definitively disproved by Joseph Greenberg. Hadza, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic_reconstructions&oldid=68902118, attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix, attributive and complement deverbative suffix, noun derivation from verb by stem-vowel lengthening, (Sem., Eg. [137][d] Another common method of forming plurals is reduplication. [169] As there is no evidence for the "prefix conjugation" in Omotic, Chadic, or Egyptian, it is unclear whether this was a Proto-Afroasiatic feature that has been lost in those branches or is a shared innovation among Semitic, Berber, and Cushitic. show more [103][53] In some branches, it can also derive abstract nouns and participles. [99] In all AA languages, consonants can be bilabial, alveolar, velar, and glottal, with additional places of articulation found in some branches or languages. [84] Prominent in this camp is the linguist Alexander Militarev, who argues that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken by early agriculturalists in the Levant and subsequently spread to Africa. Answer: Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family, which includes over 400 languages spoken across much of Africa and the Middle East. [103], A form of long-distance consonant assimilation known as consonant harmony is attested in Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, and Semitic: it usually affects features such as pharyngealization, palatalization, and labialization. Dictionary of Languages. [190] Some South Cushitic numerals are borrowed from Nilotic languages, other Cushitic numerals have been borrowed from Ethiopian Semitic languages. Iberomaurasians and Proto-Afroasiatic - Page 13 'to come so close as to brush against'), (Eg., Sem. Gbekli Tepe's Pillars and Architecture Reveal the Foundation of innovation: generalization of pl. *-kep-to cease, no longer function: 327. [40] Coptic is the only stage written alphabetically to show vowels, whereas Egyptian was previously written in Egyptian hieroglyphs, which only represent consonants. [180] Also common are dependent/affix pronouns (used for direct objects and to mark possession). 2.11. The Proto-Afroasiatic Vowel System - De Gruyter [40] Scholars have proposed locations both in the Middle East and in Africa. [28], Chadic languages number between 150 and 190, making Chadic the largest family in Afroasiatic. [51] The classification within West Semitic remains contested. suff. These records make it possible to classify and reconstruct many languages. The Origins of Afroasiatic | Science Dalby, Andrew. suff. [133][150] It forms agent nouns, place nouns, and instrument nouns. Proto-Afroasiatic is a language and NOT an ethnicity: Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia There is no proof where the Afroasiatic languages originated, but the oldest Afroasiatic language writing has been found in Egypt and dated 6000 years. This page was last edited on 28 August 2022, at 11:13. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone The following list of Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions is from Ehret (1995). [163] Three derivational prefixes can be reconstructed for Proto-Afroasiatic: *s- 'causative', *t- 'middle voice' or 'reflexive', and *n- 'passive'. Map of Afro-Asiatic languages distribution (click to enlarge it) Historical phonology central chadic prosodies and lexical [54] These five or six branches remain the academic consensus on the family. innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand'), (Eg., Sem. You guys might disagree with the results form the Shum Laka paper but don't distort their own interpretations of their findings. Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions - Wiktionary in Semitic, Berber, and in Cushitic,[130][166] where it is only found on a small set of frequent verbs. [90], Syllable weight plays an important role in AA, especially in Chadic; it can affect the form of affixes attached to a word. innovation: narrowing of meaning to loud kinds of response), (2nd shape: stem + *r n. innovation: 'send' > 'direct,' hence 'command, rule'), (Agaw *a allows PAA vowel reconstructions *a, *aa, *o, or *e), (Sem., Eg. The prefixes ti and it mean she. [196] Additionally, because Egyptian is written without vowels before the Coptic period, its use for comparative purposes often relies on vocalic reconstructions that themselves depend on comparisons with other Afroasiatic languages. [74], There is no consensus on when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken. [132] Additionally, even when nouns are not cognates, they tend to have the same gender throughout Afroasiatic ("gender stability"). Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone It is traditionally understood to be an adjective based on the name of Abraham's ancestor, Eber ("Ever" in Hebrew), mentioned in Genesis 10:21. [75] Consequently, scholars have offered estimates for when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken that range between 18,000 and 8,000 BCE. May 29th, 2020 - grammar lithuanian is a richly inflected language that has retained some of the plex morphology of its ancestral proto indo european nouns nouns are marked for gender number and case that are fused into one ending there are two genders masculine and feminine with a few neuter nouns there are three numbers singular dual and plural There is an obvious trend (probably driven by Semitic and Egyptian researchers) to place the Afroasiatic Homeland near one of the many proposed Semitic homelands, i.e. Kim Thanks for viewing our Ebay listing! ; *u < *i /#-p_C-#? [112] Greenberg divided Semitic consonants into four types: "back consonants" (glottal, pharyngeal, uvular, laryngeal, and velar consonants), "front consonants" (dental or alveolar consonants), liquid consonants, and labial consonants. [76] It may have originally mostly biconsonantal, to which various affixes (verbal extensions) were then added and lexicalized. as denom. ), (additional Cushitic alternants *-br- and *-br-), (stem + *r n. Abstract The paper is a new contribution to revealing the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the lexicon of the Angas-Sura group of Chadic languages by means of interbranch comparison using a.o. [78] An additional complicating factor is the lack of agreement on the subgroupings of Afroasiatic (see Subgrouping) - this makes associating archaeological evidence with the spread of Afroasiatic particularly difficult. p-Upper Cross River [32] It may have as many as 80 to 100 million first and second language speakers. [76], There is no consensus where the original homeland (Urheimat) of the first Afroasiatic speakers was located. While there is no consensus among historical linguists concerning the original homeland of the Afroasiatic family or the period when the parent language (i.e. However, since the 1970s and '80s, comparisons of other Chadic subject pronouns with the Hausa ones have convinced most scholars that the similarity to the prefix conjugation is incidental. + stem; PS *lisn 'tongue' is a separate and distinct derivation from the same verb root), (Sem., Eg., Ch. shared innovation: 'move, take' > 'take hold of'), (Cush., Ch., Eg., Sem. Each aspect of these reconstructions is substantiated in detail in an extensive etymological vocabulary of more than 1000 roots. North Germanic includes Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian. in *n, as also in #210), (Sem., Eg. ), (Eg., Sem. West Semitic brought forth such languages as Canaanite, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic (EL, p.906). This original biblical genealogy reflected political rather than linguistic realities: thus the Canaanites are descendants of Ham, although their language is closely related to Hebrew, and the Elamites are descendants of Shem, although their language is not related to Hebrew at all. p-Daju Common Indo-European-Afroasiatic Roots, Supplement I (1986) - Academia.edu The main quality of Afro-Asiatic is that it "cuts across usually perceived racial boundaries" (Dalby, p.6). shared innovation: n. for 'clay'), great (especially in size but also in number), (Ch., Eg., Sem. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). Afrasian. [37][34] Only one Cushitic language, Oromo, has more than 25 million speakers; other languages with more than a million speakers include Somali, Saho-Afar, Hadiyya, and Sidaama. [113] These rules also have a number of exceptions: Similar exceptions can be demonstrated for the other AA branches that have these restrictions to their root formation. Therefore the root is considered ktb. When looking for roots it is important to remember that early Semitic only had consonants and vowels had to be inferred from the context (Atlas, p.78-79). Our assessments, publications and research spread knowledge, spark enquiry and aid understanding around the world. suff. Semitic and Berber are quite closely related, and both are more distantly connected to Cushitic. p-Oti-Volta (p-E. Oti-Voltap-C. Oti-Volta) [85][86] Scholar Jared Diamond and archaeologist Peter Bellwood have taken up Militarev's arguments as part of their general argument that the spread of linguistic macrofamilies (such as Indo-European, Bantu, and Austro-Asiatic) can be associated with the development of agriculture; they argue that there is clear archaeological support for farming spreading from the Levant into Africa via the Nile valley. Great variety is incorporated in one family and this makes Afro-Asiatic an interesting topic of study. [15] Mller assumed that there existed a distinct "Hamitic" branch of the family that consisted of Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic. Of all of the languages in the Afro-Asiatic line, Arabic is the most widely spoken language, stretching from Western Africa to the Middle East (ELL, p.51). ; Sem., Eg. [47] Other scholars have questioned whether it is Afroasiatic at all, due its lack of several typical aspects of Afroasiatic morphology. New York: Elsevier, 1977. [99] In current scholarship, the most common names used for the family are Afroasiatic (or Afro-Asiatic), Hamito-Semitic, and Semito-Hamitic. innovation: integration of *t dur. [155], The degree to which the AA verbal root was triliteral (having three consonants) is debated. Afroasiatic languages have over 500 million native speakers, which is the fourth-largest number of native speakers of any language family (after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and NigerCongo). p-Katloid The languages of what is now Afro-Asiatic occupy a "vast area that stretches from Morocco to Arabia" (Dalby, p.6). ; *m > /n/ ([])/_*x), (Sem., Eg. [164] Identifying cognates is difficult because the languages in question are often separated by thousands of years of development and many languages within the family have long been in contact with each other, raising the possibility of loanwords. in a word must match. innovation: stem + *n n. suff. Ekoid The Afro Asiatic Biblical Hebrew Language & History Summary of Numbered Sound Shift Rules; Index 1. Proposed specific locations include the Horn of Africa, Egypt, the eastern Sahara, and the Levant. [184] Only some Berber languages maintain the native Berber numeral system, with many using Arabic loans for higher numbers and some from any numeral beyond two. Egyptian is classified as a distinct language and the other sub-groups are: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic (Voegelin, p.12). [17][18] Victor Porkhomovsky suggests that the label "Hamito-Semitic" is at this point simply convention and no more implies an opposition between Semitic and "Hamitic" languages than "Indo-European" implies a "European" and an Indic branch. [40] Egyptian is first attested in writing around 3000 BCE and finally went extinct around 1300 CE, making it the language with the longest written history in the world. [173] While some scholars posit an AA origin for this form, it is possible that the Berber and Cushitic forms are independent developments,[130] as they show significant differences from the Egyptian and Semitic forms. Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. [50], Most authorities divide Semitic into two branches: East Semitic, which includes the extinct Akkadian language and West Semitic, which includes Arabic, Aramaic, the Canaanite languages, including Hebrew, as well as the Ethiopian Semitic languages such as Ge'ez and Amharic. *t: . [27] The first longer written examples of modern Berber varieties only date from the 16th or 17th centuries CE. [91] Typically, syllables only begin with a single consonant. p-Central Khoisan [183], Another factor making comparisons of AA numeral systems difficult is the possibility of borrowing. Social:Proto-Semitic language - HandWiki [5] It includes languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africaand parts of the Sahel. It's impossible to tell exactly how old Proto-Afroasiatic is, or where it was spoken, but there are a few ideas. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and the Hausa language, an idea that was taken up by early scholars of Afroasiatic. [134] A system K (masculine), T (feminine), and H (plural) can be found in Cushitic, Chadic, with masculine K also appearing in Omotic. While this is not the first attempt to demonstrate that Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic are genetically related, it is the first to use the radical revision of the Proto-Indo-European consonantal system proposed by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Paul J. Hopper, [12] Each component of this term was derived from the name of a Biblical son of Noah as detailed in the Book of Genesis: Semitic from his first-born son Shem, and Hamitic from his second son Ham (Genesis 5:32). These classifications of language sub-sets vary according to different texts.
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