Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. Or at least, that's one theory. Women, policy and politics: The construction of policy problems. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Mutfak Gnlkleri Sibel'in Mutfa Ana Sayfa; Hakkmda; Bana Ulan; descriptive representation pros and cons. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. See below. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Phillips, A. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. State feminism and political representation. Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. Though studies argue it influences how communities are represented through constituency service, they are limited since legislators' service activities are unobserved. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . Learn how your comment data is processed. The affirmative action controversy. Nussbaum, M. (1999). On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . The three worlds of welfare capitalism. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Register or login to make commenting easier. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. Advantages of Descriptive Research. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). 1. Get Access. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. 2. Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. New York: Oxford University Press. The three that we visit on every trip to Atlanta are Six Flags, Stone Mountain, and the Atlanta Aquarium. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. 1992 also saw the rise of an increased participation of women in Congress, particularly Democratic women, and this number has increased steadily over the years. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Democracy and disagreement. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ), Redistribution or recognition? At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. Cornell, D. (1995). In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. Reisel, L. (2014). Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? Young, I. M. (1994). Cambridge: Polity Press. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. (2004). 3. Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. $\endgroup . As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. (2014). Wngnerud, L. (2009). The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. Phillips, A. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. 2. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. Sociologist. Oxford: Polity Press. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Disadvantages of proportional representation. These are part of business analytics, which extract value from your business data. The Case of Rwanda, Worlds Apart? Swift, A. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. 1. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Quantitativist. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Tannen, D. (1994). Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Cornell, D. (1998). The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. #1) Waterfall Model. University of Neuchtel. In some cases, representation can seem to have very little to do with the substantive issues representatives in Congress tend to debate. Caption. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. The advantages of using tables and graphs to organize data include easy visualization of statistics, poignant descriptions of data, the provision of a summary of the overall work and the interest people show to graphics over words, according to Texas A&M University. Enter your library card number to sign in. (2001). Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays Mansbridge, J. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. Social representation. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . 9. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. While For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. Minow, M. (1991). The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. A political-philosophical exchange. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). Should representatives be typical of their constituents? 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Democracy and the new separation of powers. That's pretty straightforward. There are many different types of data presentation. 1. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. Lovenduski, J. (1982). PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. The changing nature of European equality regimes. (1993). 3. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. European Sociological Review, 20(1), 111. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. ), Has liberalism failed women? From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. The epistemic conception of deliberative democracy defended. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. (2012). Feminizing politics. 8. In J. Klausen & C. Maier (Eds. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Firms, boards and gender quotas: Comparative perspectives. Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Morone, J. Citing Literature. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a Applicable. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. The future of feminism. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. Gender and discourse. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Christiano, T. (2012). to the people they represent. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Quantitative Methodology. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. Representatives. You might also like. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. Roemer, J. However, what good representation should be is debated. It is complicated: One of the major draw back of this system is that it is too confusing. Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. London: Sage. (Eds. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. In K. Ross (Ed. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in 3. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Fortunes of feminism. 2. The procedures involved with experimental research make it possible to isolate specific variables within virtually any topic. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. These are issues that have left minorities feeling as though they are belittled and not treated as fairly as the majority in our society. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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