The Romanov family secured and increased those boundaries until theSoviet Union took over in 1918, restoring Moscow as the capital. Russia, as the largest country in the world, has great ethnic diversity, is a multinational state, and is home to over 190 ethnic groups nationwide. At the same time, only 130.587 million census participants indicated their nationality. Key reasons behind the Russia-Ukraine conflict. [136] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. Rather, history has proven that attempts to conquer the nation have proved fruitless because of its unforgiving scale, not in spite of it. This indomitable region of the world is home to the Russian nation, a country with a history that goes back hundreds of years. Two of Russiasten biggest cities, Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk, lie roughly on the border between Europe and Asia in the Ural Mountains. . Of the total 258 million speakers of Russian in the world,[48] about 135 million of them are ethnic Russians. ", "Ancient Rus: trade and crafts: History of Russian trade and crafts: Business & Law: Russia-InfoCentre", "Population 1 January 2015 Estimate Federal State Statistics Service Russia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Russia&oldid=1142052451, Articles lacking reliable references from August 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:13. [183], Russia's largest religion is ChristianityIt has the world's largest Orthodox population. [94] Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era. Moscow has become a center for the unification of Russian lands. By AFP. It shares land borders with sixteen nations, the most of any country in the world. By Alessandro Parodi (Reuters) - The European Chess Union has acknowledged Russia's move to join the Asian Chess Federation and will support Russian players who wish to individually switch . [citation needed], Significant numbers of Russians emigrated to Canada, Australia and the United States. Setup Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup. Russia's relative diversity should not be not surprising, given that the nation is generally considered Eurasian, not European, as it straddles both Asia and Europe, bordering both Japan and Finland. Other large cities in the European part of Russia include St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, and Rostov-on-Don. Software Full Name: Adobe Premiere Pro 2023. However, it is placed in the European continent following the United Nations classification. [199], Ice hockey is very popular in Russia. Feb. 28, 2023. 4 Religion is significantly less important to Europeans than to Americans. [180] During the reign of Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg was transformed into an outdoor museum of Neoclassical architecture. As already discussed, much of Russia's territory lies in Asia and most of its people reside in Europe. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. (Turkish)", "Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination", Informatii utile | Agentia Nationala pentru Intreprinderi Mici si Mijlocii, "(number of foreigners in the Czech Republic)", " , ", Total population by regions and ethnicity, "Utrikes fdda efter fdelseland, kn och r", "SODB2021 - Obyvatelia - Zkladn vsledky", " ", "Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context", "The Russian Diaspora in the Baltic States: The Trojan Horse that never was", Saving the souls of Russia's exiled Lipovans, "Usage statistics of content languages for websites", "What Makes the Russian Literature of the 19th Century So Distinctive? The Russians were formed from East Slavic tribes, and their cultural ancestry is based in Kievan Rus'. BERLIN (Reuters) - Chess powerhouse Russia has joined the Asian Chess Federation following an ACF vote that allows Russian players to keep competing at an international level despite the war in Ukraine and the sanctions that it has prompted. This includes Russia's most populous city, Moscow, which is still the country's capital. [citation needed], Gil-Robles has noted agreements between indigenous representatives and oil companies, which are to compensate potential damages on peoples habitats due to oil exploration. But many Russians, in fact, do not fully know what is happening in Ukraine. All three federal cities of Russia lie within European Russia. Most Russians like China more than they like Europe or the U.S. When it's about the political borders we are pretty often on our own. From the early nineteenth century, several politically charged theories of Russian nationality were developed, among them, the ideas of a single "all-Russian nation" encompassing the East Slavic peoples, or a "triune nation" of three brotherly "Great Russian", "Little Russian", and "White Russian" peoples. [72] It is the most spoken native language in Europe,[73] the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia,[74] as well as the world's most widely spoken Slavic language. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first and youngest woman in space, having flown a solo mission on Vostok 6. [65][70], Russian is the official and the predominantly spoken language in Russia. [116] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. [74] Russian is the second-most used language on the Internet after English,[75] and is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[76] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Conversely, Russia's liberal opposition talks up the European - as opposed to "Asian" or "Soviet-esque" - path for Russia. Most ethnic Russians have a so-called European appearance, but there are many Russian citizens who could be classified as ethnically Asian. Since both Moscow and Saint Petersburg are closer to Europe, the Asian half of Russia has been largely forgotten throughout history. [155] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[156] DDT,[157] and Kino. The move had already been pre-approved by FIDE . , For any feedback or complaint, email to: compliant_gro@jagrannewmedia.com, This website uses cookie or similar technologies, to enhance your browsing experience and provide personalised recommendations. [168][169] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. European countries have sought to reduce their dependence on Russian gas An oil price cap approved by Western allies in December also aims to prevent Russia getting more than $60 (48) for a. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine started on February 24, more than 1.36 million Russians have legally entered the Schengen area via land borders, mostly . All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. [161], Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin. [173], The history of Russian architecture begins with early woodcraft buildings of ancient Slavs,[174] and the architecture of Kievan Rus'. Finally, Peter I relocated the capital toPetrograd(modern-daySaint Petersburg) for access to the sea, which a massive empire needs, and for protecting government institutions on the fortified islands that the harbor provided. [1] The 83 (or 85) federal subjects which together constitute the Russian Federation include: The ethnic demographic mix of the Russian Federation is projected to change far into the future. It houses the world's deepest lake, Baikal; Europes longest river and largest lake, the Volga and Ladoga respectively. Lastly, during communication repeating one's self to a Russian will make you appear untrustworthy. Identifying where the borders sit, culturally and geographically, is challenging due to the country occupying over 6.6 million square miles. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued. [186][187][188], Non-religious Russians may associate themselves with the Orthodox faith for cultural reasons. The Republic of Kalmykia is a region surrounded by barren flatlands and located between the southern provinces, where ethnic tensions have caused decades of armed conflict, the Caspian Sea, and the rest of Russia. Russian athletes have been banned from many sports and largely cannot compete in Europe due to the sanctions and competition complications caused by Russia's invasion of Ukraine that began on Feb . Other groups like the Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvash, and Chechens are ethnic minorities. Central Asia Is Turning Back to Moscow With the United States off the scene, Russia is more appealing than China. [108], Mikhail Lomonosov proposed the conservation of mass in chemical reactions, discovered the atmosphere of Venus, and founded modern geology. [144] In the 19th-century, it was defined by the tension between classical composer Mikhail Glinka along with other members of The Mighty Handful, and the Russian Musical Society led by composers Anton and Nikolay Rubinstein. Russian territory also stretches north and south in Central and East Asia. In the 17th century, the Russian Tsars once again increased the nation's size to borders similar to today, spanning betweenEuropeand thePacific Ocean. But not Gen Z. Attitudes vary by age, gender and politics and especially by how people feel about Putin Analysis by Michal. The Russians burned and abandoned the city as a strong statement of solidarity with their national identity, in 1812. Berlin: Chess powerhouse Russia has joined the Asian Chess Federation following an ACF vote that allows Russian players to keep competing at an international level despite the war in Ukraine and the sanctions that it has prompted. It is also home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This search usually follows geopolitical shifts to Russia's disadvantage. [107] Since 1904, Nobel Prize were awarded to twenty-six Soviets and Russians in physics, chemistry, medicine, economy, literature and peace. Outside the North and South Poles, it is the only country in the world to have recorded the lowest temperature. Here's a brief explainer on the same. [122], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centers of origin of cultivated plants. The South Caucasus region refers to the area lying on the border between Western Asia and Eastern Europe, which is close to the southern Caucasus Mountains. "Europe" in Russia means much more than just the western part of the country: It's also the civilization against which Russia defines itself. [202] The Russian national basketball team won the EuroBasket 2007,[203] and the Russian basketball club PBC CSKA Moscow is among the most successful European basketball teams. [citation needed], In 2007, there were 6,260 schools which provided teaching in 38 minority languages. The historical population of European Russia was composed of Slavic, Finnic, Germanic, Turkic, Jewish, North Caucasian, Baltic, Khazarian and Norse peoples.[2][3][4]. It is no secret that many Western Europeans do not consider Russia a part of Europe. Most people just assume that it's in Europe, even though more than three-quarters of the land mass rests in Asia. A staggeringly large land, it is remarkable that the nation has remained mostly united after decades of instability and economic struggle. [78] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. [167] Many Soviet socialist realism films were artistically successful, including Chapaev, The Cranes Are Flying, and Ballad of a Soldier. [1] European Russia counts for about 15% of Europe's total population . [181] During Alexander I's rule, Empire style became the de facto architectural style, and Nicholas I opened the gate of Eclecticism to Russia. [206] Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronized swimming is considered to be the world's best. Overview of the various ethnic groups of Russia, Learn how and when to remove this template message, small indigenous peoples of the North and Far East, List of extinct indigenous peoples of Russia, List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia, List of minor indigenous peoples of Russia, " 2021: , ", "The City of Kazan and Russia's Non-Slavic Future", " 1020 ? [65][70], Consequently, the already existing biologo-genetic studies have made all hypotheses about the mixing of the Russians with non-Slavic ethnic groups or their "non-Slavism" obsolete or pseudoscientific. [113][114], Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio,[115] while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. Over 190 ethnic groups currently reside within Russia, although over the past few centuries, systematicgenocideshave wreaked havoc on many of the former populations that called the region home. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. These cities are Moscow, the nation's capital and largest city, which is the second most populous city in Europe; Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital and the second-most populous city in the country; and Sevastopol, located in Crimea, which is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. But "Russians" are European? [85] Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote prose satire,[86] while Nikolai Leskov is best remembered for his shorter fiction. [99] Mikhail Bakunin is referred to as the father of anarchism. First, enhancing trust and confidence between Russia and Asian countries at state, corporate and human levels. People from diverse cultural and traditional backgrounds reside in the world's largest country. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state because of in-fighting between members of the princely family that ruled it collectively. The following Federal districts of Russia are overwhelmingly European: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Igor Sikorsky was an aviation pioneer. Russia spans over 17,125,191 square kilometres and extends to eleven time zones. [133] In 1965, Alexei Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, exiting the space capsule during Voskhod 2. "Replacement Migration: Is it a solution for Russia? It is geographically situated in Europe, as opposed to the country's sparsely populated and vastly larger eastern part, which is situated in Asia, encompassing the entire northern region of the continent. [58] By 600 AD, the Slavs are believed to have split linguistically into southern, western, and eastern branches. [103] Vladimir Lenin, a major revolutionary, developed a variant of communism known as Leninism. European Russia accounts for about 75% of Russia's total population. This includes Russia's most populous city, Moscow, which is still the country's capital. Russia's AirBridgeCargo alone moves just under 4% of global international air cargo, with most of that between Europe and Asia, Horst said. Matenov said that "since the beginning of the war in Ukraine, there has been a lot of resistance among the Asian peoples of Russia. As Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe noted in 2007,[7] despite some initiatives for development, the social and economic situation of numerically small indigenous peoples was affected by recent legislative amendments at the federal level, removing some positive measures as regards their access to land and other natural resources. Thailand has become a haven for Russian visitors who are looking to. Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Turkic tribes were also present in the area (although large parts of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric people were absorbed by the Slavs, there are great minorities in European Russia today). [95] Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. "Russia's unprecedented military attack on a sovereign European country was the deciding factor in the Federal Council's decision to change its previous stance on sanctions," a statement said.. After the Mongol invasion the Muscovite Rus' arose, over all this time, western Russia and the various Rus' regions had strong cultural contacts with the Byzantine Empire, while the Slavic culture was cultivated all the time. Only three of Russia's largest cities, Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Samara, are in Asian territory. It has more than 12 million residents, making it the second-most populous city in Europe. At the same time, the long-standing identification of the Northern Russian and Southern Russian ethnographic groups by ethnologists was confirmed. [citation needed], After the Russian Revolution in 1917, many Russians who were identified with the White army moved to China most of them settling in Harbin and Shanghai. This domain over three separate continents solidifies Russia as the third-largest nation throughout history. [111] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century. [100] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism. [citation needed], Football is the most popular sport in Russia. [6], Through trade and cultural contact with Byzantine Empire, the Slavic culture of the Rus' adopted gradually the Eastern Orthodox religion. [91][92] The beginning of the 20th century ranks as the Silver Age of Russian Poetry. In 1922, Soviet Russia, along with Soviet Ukraine, Soviet Belarus, and the Transcaucasian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR, officially merging all four republics to form the Soviet Union as a country. European Russia is the densest region of Russia, with a population density of 27.5 people per km2 (70 per sq mi). [105] In 2019, Russia was ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications. [160] In the recent times, Little Big, a rave band, has gained popularity in Russia and across Europe. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. More than three-quarters of the countrys population is Russian by ethnicity. By ethnicity, over three-quarters of its population is Russian and Christianity is the largest religion in the country. The Census Bureau defines a person of the Asian race as "having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example,. Russians living in Europe don't expect to be sent off to camps the way Japanese Americans were during World War II. . [154] Jazz, even with sanctions from Soviet authorities, flourished and evolved into one of the country's most popular musical forms. Around 77% of the people of the country reside in the territory that is part of Europe, including the capital city Moscow. [178] In the 17th-century, the "fiery style" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s. [98], Russian philosophy has been greatly influential. [1] European Russia counts for about 15% of Europes total population. The city is the second most populous in Europe after Istanbul. [citation needed], After the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War which started in 1917, many Russians left their homeland to flee the Bolshevik regime, and millions became refugees. The state adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Orthodox Slavic culture for the next millennium. Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. From the late 9th to the mid-13th century a large section of today's European Russia was part of Kievan Rus'. In fact,Russia and Alaska are only separated by 2.4 miles at their closest points to each other. Over 75 minority languages were taught as a discipline in 10,404 schools. And they are right. [102] Helena Blavatsky gained international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy, and co-founded the Theosophical Society. In France, only 14% consider religion very important. Today, ethnic Russians are a sizable minority in several former Soviet republics, and many are more favorably inclined toward Russia than are their fellow citizens, according to a recent Pew Research Center survey of countries in Central and Eastern Europe. November 7, 2021, 7:00 AM By Lindsey Kennedy, a journalist and documentary. Just as one sort of Orientalism attaches to Africa and the American . The Ural Mountains divide Russia into two parts, bisecting the Eurasian supercontinent. [7] The elements of East Slavic paganism and Christianity overlapped each other and sometimes produced even double faith in Muscovite Rus'.[8]. [190] Others are mostly Pentecostals, Evangelicals, Seventh-day Adventists, Lutherans and Jehovah's Witnesses. [82] Following Pushkin's footsteps, a new generation of poets were born, including Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolay Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev and Afanasy Fet. At the same time, the proposal of the ethnographer Dmitry Zelenin in his major work of 1927 Russian (East Slavic) Ethnography to consider them as separate East Slavic peoples[64] did not find support in scientific circles. They are the largest Slavic nation and the largest European . [143], Until the 18th-century, music in Russia consisted mainly of church music and folk songs and dances. During the population census, citizens report their nationality not only by their genetic data, but by their self-determination, inner sense of who a person is by nationality. [117] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. Another is "" (rossiyane), which denotes "Russian citizens", regardless of ethnicity or religious affiliation. Anthropological research has revealed several skeletons with Mongoloid-type features, additionally there was continuing cultural influence from the Eurasian nomadic steppe. In early 20th-century, Russian neoclassical revival became a trend. [citation needed], Russia's Arctic coastline from the White Sea to the Bering Strait had been explored and settled by Pomors, Russian settlers from Novgorod, Terek Cossacks of the North Caucasus guarded the southern frontier, Among the Russians, a number of ethnographic groups stand out, such as: the Northern Russians, the Southern Russians, the Cossacks, the Goryuns, the Kamchadals, the Polekhs, the Pomors, the Russian Chinese, the Siberians (Siberiaks), Starozhily, some groupings of Old Believers (Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), and others. The European Chess Union has acknowledged Russia's move to join the Asian Chess Federation and will support Russian players who wish to individually switch back to Europe, ECU Vice President Dana . After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia passed legislation to protect rights of these small northern indigenous peoples. Schengen visas in the bullseye. The western region of Central Russia was inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of the Severians. Russian interest in Southeastern Europe is likely to arise in part from concern about growing NATO military capabilities, including ballistic missile defense capabilities in Romania; the goal of undermining EU and NATO enlargement in the Western Balkans and Moldova; a view that Russia should have influence over the region; and, perhaps most European Russia covers the vast majority of Eastern Europe, and spans roughly 40% of Europe's total landmass, with over 15% of its total population, making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe. This expansion by force, up until the 19th century, is fresh on the minds of groups forced to migrate into theOttoman Empire, such as the people ofCircassia. Genetically, the majority of Russians are identical to their East and West Slavic counterparts; unlike northern Russians, who belong to the Northern European Baltic gene pool. The Russians (Russian: , romanized:russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. A comprehensive full genome study by Triska et al. ", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Nikolay BasovNobel Prize for Lasers and Masers", Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science", "Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, "Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 18 December 1975", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow", Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, United States Government Publishing Office, "Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space", "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero", "The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises", "Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere", 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2, "50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station", "Number of satellites in orbit by country as of January 1, 2021", "The countries with the most satellites in space", "Emil Gilels: A True Giant of the Keyboard", "Galina Vishnevskaya, the Russian tigress", "A Superstar Evokes a Superpower; In Diva's Voice, Adoring Fans Hear Echoes of Soviet Days", "Boris Grebenshikov: 'The Bob Dylan of Russia', "DDT: Notes from Russia's Rock Underground", "Musician, Songwriter, Cultural Force: Remembering Russia's Viktor Tsoi", "Little Big: camp, outrageous Russian rave", "EISENSTEIN, Sergei BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN 1925 Russia", Soviet Cinema, 192941: The Development of Industry and Infrastructure, "Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema", "All-Union State Institute of Cinematography", "Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera", "The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, "The Canopy over the Holy Sepulchre. [212][213], This article is about the East Slavic ethnic group, regardless of country of citizenship. Russia's governing body for chess said Tuesday it had been admitted into the game's Asian federation and will leave Europe as Russian players face . While much of its territory lies in Asia, most of its people reside in Europe. [138] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. In the association of whiteness with "Caucasian," Russia and the Russian borderlands take the place of the tropical regions of Africa, the Caribbean islands, and the United States South. small indigenous peoples of the North and Far East, who maintain very traditional lifestyles, often in a hazardous climatic environment, while adapting to the modern world. The most prominent of these are Rodnovery, the revival of the Slavic native religion also common to other Slavic nations,[191] Another movement, very small in comparison to other new religions, is Vissarionism, a syncretic group with an Orthodox Christian background. The largest minority group in Russia today is theTatars(or Tartars), a group of Turkic-speaking people, whose origins lie in present-day Mongolia. Russian athletes have been banned from many sports and largely cannot compete in Europe. However, it is placed in the European continent following the United Nations classification. [62] By the 1930s, Harbin had 100,000 Russians. CBSE Class 10 Science Paper Analysis 2023: Exam Review, Student Feedback, Question Paper, Answer Key & More, CBSE Class 12 Physics Board Exam 2023 on March 6: Check Last minute Revision Tips, Top 10 Weekly Current Affairs in Hindi: 26 04 2023- NASA , . The U.S., alongside European nations like Germany and France, have cut Russia off from international payment system SWIFT, choked off Russia's access to its $630 billion trove of foreign. [207] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. While. [citation needed], After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, an estimated 25 million Russians began living outside the Russian Federation, mostly in the former Soviet Republics. Between 1922 and 1991 the history of Russia became essentially the history of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically-based state roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before the 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. With half of Europe and half of Asia within its boundaries, Russia will always be a dish made of both. The country's achievements in the field of space technology and space exploration can be traced back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the father of theoretical astronautics, whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as Sergey Korolyov, Valentin Glushko, and many others who contributed to the success of the Soviet space program in the early stages of the Space Race and beyond. [citation needed], By the mid-1980s, with Soviet economic and political weaknesses becoming acute, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev embarked on major reforms; these culminated in the dissolution of the Soviet Union, leaving Russia again alone and marking the beginning of the post-Soviet Russian period.
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