Agreements, Bill Here in Virginia, disposable income is your after-tax pay. Servs. <>stream
pOO=oYB!2rCcm3L&PW@X0 (s]q=A&"`H(Y?NcZU#4HgEKh&-a2Jj{\ Sv~e:WOI%"H ]u2NX.Y[v{3-%[a(`SRw]eJT10d~vlyz6E`bFqF}@Tik,*E~ K 6LyHEbW>O}U(;reun "2O V2+iqrwQvzJ="J]v}9.$m,|>:#P6
{YC5vj" Mqg o(D 94
NjiE;n`rHE \.3MfwmnlxHPV8][%
In fact, the Virginia Supreme Court has affirmatively encouraged trial courts to promptly screen out defamation claims that may lack merit and dispose of them on demurrer. If a plaintiffs defamation claim is based on pure opinion but that fact is concealed by the strategic omission of relevant facts, the defendant should move for a bill of particulars. of Sale, Contract If you ever made payments to the creditor using a bank account or a check from a bank, they will often try to garnish those locations first. If the amount in dispute is over these limits, a lawsuit must be filed in the county Circuit Court to proceed with a civil lawsuit. See IRS Circular 230. Part THREE - Practice and Procedures in Civil Actions. Corporations, 50% off 0000001553 00000 n
This is an official form from the Virginia Judicial System, which complies with all applicable laws and statutes. 11 0 obj Contractors, Confidentiality <> The members of the Virginia Law Review Association select and edit all of the pieces Also, it is hard to negotiate a better payment plan with a creditor when they know how much they can get in a garnishment. Rather, it is intended solely as a general discussion of legal principles. This serves two purposes: it helps the creditor try to collect and extends the period of collection to at least 20 years. Center, Small If you say you dispute the debt, a judge will set a trial date to allow the plaintiff and defendant a chance to prove their case. published in the eight annual issues of the Virginia Law Review. To sue for money, fill out a "Warrant in Debt." was permanently organized on April 23, 1913, and today has among its ranks approximately eighty current student members and Please do not include any confidential or sensitive information in a contact form, text message, or voicemail. & Estates, Corporate - Free Video and Phone Consultations for Debt Issues, lawsuit for money in General District Court, A garnishment in Virginia can be up to 25% of your disposable income, There are certain limitations to this, like social security, VA Disability, child support payments, emergency relief funds, etc. This will include evidence about how much is owed, how the debt belongs to them (if they bought it from another creditor), why they may be entitled to interest or attorneys fees, and more.
The Virginia Law Review is published by the Virginia Law Review Association, an independent publishing institution WebNECESSITY FOR BILL OF PARTICULARS A Virginia Rule provides in part as follows: Every pleading shall state the facts on which the party relies in numbered paragraphs, by conceding or not showing up), the creditor can attempt to collect. Sign and mail. Agreements, Corporate
Notes, Premarital xbbb`b``3
0 k
If ordered, the Plaintiff/Creditor will file a Bill of Particulars that details the amount owed, proof/reasoning that the defendant owes the money to the plaintiff, etc. A motion for a bill of particulars shall be made Here in Virginia, a lawsuit for money in General District Court is called a Warrant in Debt. AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Linux Kernel 2.6 64bit Oct 2 2014 Library 10.1.0 xbb``b``3
|qe
endobj If you are offered a Confession of Judgment Note, it is important to understand what rights you are waiving. Agreements, LLC
WebStep 1. Form DC-443, ITEMIZED LIST OF DAMAGES xref
WebAdditional sheets with written statements answering plaintiffs bill of particulars and providing defenses (optional).
As a matter of policy, the Firm does not accept a new client without first investigating for possible conflicts of interests and obtaining a signed engagement letter or fee agreement. This is the lowest court in each county in Virginia (there is also a lower subsect of General District Court called Small Claims Court, but there is a $5,000.00 limit and attorneys are not permitted in that court). See American Communications Network, Inc. v. Williams, 264 Va. 336, 341-42 (2002) (holding that defendants words must be considered in context rather than in isolation); Yeagle v. Collegiate Times, 255 Va. 293, 297-98 (1998)(analyzing phrase at issue in the context of the entire article written by the defendant). Service, Contact an LLC, Incorporate If you lose or you allow a judgment to be entered (i.e. 0000004192 00000 n
In case you do not have an account, you need to register and choose a subscription plan first. Fuste v. Riverside Healthcare Assn, Inc. American Communications Network, Inc. v. Williams, False Accusations of Violating HOA Covenants: Not Defamatory, Qualified Privilege Insufficient Basis for Pretrial Dismissal, Differences Between Virginia and D.C. Defamation Law. This website is advertising material. WebIn a criminal proceeding in district court, any motion or objection as described in subsection A may be raised prior to or at such proceeding. The opinions expressed here are not intended to, nor do they create, any attorney-client relationship. Searching for a Virginia Bill of Particulars online might be stressful. of Attorney, Personal Planning Pack, Home Fax: (571) 376-5891, Office: (703) 880-4881 Fax: (571) 376-5891. The Virginia Law Review Often, someone from the creditor may appear authenticate records of the debt. To bring a successful defamation claim in Virginia state courts, it is necessary to allege facts sufficient to demonstrate to the judge that the statement claimed to be defamatory is capable of conveying a defamatory meaning to a reasonable audience. Agreements, LLC application/pdf General District Court also has jurisdiction to hear Personal Injury cases that have up to $50,000.00 in damages. The court cannot consider arguments about inability to pay. Web6. Center, Small When a plaintiff claims defamation, the preferred practice is to include the entire statement (verbatim) as well as all relevant surrounding details of the statement sufficient to demonstrate context. low income, limited assets, limited likelihood of collection. WebThe forms available for completion online are those typically completed and submitted by an attorney-represented or self-represented party to a case. Rules for certain evidence of consent to vehicle search. Forms, Real Estate 0000001364 00000 n
Along with trial, the judge can order a Bill of Particulars and a Grounds of Defense. do not need a judgment to use other means to collect).
Its a more complete explanation of why the person filing the A-Z, Form 1 0 obj Simply file a completed copy with the clerk of the court (General District Court) in your county/city. Incorporation services, Living of Incorporation, Shareholders Sales, Landlord
endobj The information, website links, and materials presented on this website are for general informational purposes only. Attorney, Terms of endstream
endobj
233 0 obj
<>/Outlines 3 0 R/Metadata 63 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 62 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/OCProperties<>/OCGs[234 0 R]>>/StructTreeRoot 65 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20100716144319)/PageLabels 60 0 R>>
endobj
234 0 obj
<. 62-1B-1. 0
You can always try to settle a judgment, but usually it is more difficult after a judgment has been obtained. The complication of filing bankruptcy after aa creditor obtains a judgment is that a judgment may become a lien on your real estate. After a creditor files a Warrant in Debt in the court, you must be given notice. If the plaintiff doesnt file by this date, the lawsuit may be dismissed. Planning Pack, Home A warrant in debt is what they call it in Virginia when a creditor is suing you in General District Court . endobj Co., 277 Va. 40, 47 (2009). We use cookies to improve security, personalize the user experience, enhance our marketing activities (including cooperating with our marketing partners) and for other business use. 616 0 obj
<>stream
Real Estate, Last Business Packages, Construction This evidence can be in the form of testimony from a person or physical documents. of Incorporation, Shareholders
H\n0}vQ{)BJ,GH%BX: 9f]N2\&C. endstream
endobj
startxref
US Legal Forms provides over 85,000 state-specific legal and tax forms drafted by professional attorneys in accordance with state requirements. 10 0 obj Virginia Judicial Courts Self-Help Website. for Deed, Promissory 1Know the rules.2Use the case style.3Write a short preamble.4Answer questions wherever possible.5Object where necessary.6Sign and mail. Divorce, Separation %%EOF
Additionally, we find it is also more difficult to find money to pay an attorney when you have money coming out of your pay or your bank account frozen. This weeks legal term of the week is Bill of Particulars. A bill of particulars is a written statement giving details of a lawsuit filed in a General District Court. The Virginia Supreme Court reiterated this principle as recently as 2006, when it expressly recognized that the particulars of [an] allegedly defamatory statement may be supplied in a bill of particulars. See Government Micro Res., Inc. v. Jackson, 271 Va. 29, 38 (2006). The creditor will also provide a mailed notice.
For individuals looking to prevent a judgment against them, it can be beneficial. If you have confidential information that you would like to give to any lawyer at the Firm, please communicate with one if the Firms lawyers in person or by telephone. In addition, the bill of particulars was not written anywhere at bottom below the number 5 row, it did have attached complaint and clerk office stamped. This usually depends on whether an original signed agreement can be produced or not. My Account, Forms in Date opposing party is required to file and serve grounds of defense. 0000002216 00000 n
The results of all client matters depend on a variety of factors unique to each matter. Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) Written statements concerning specific Know the rules. 0000004714 00000 n
1953 Virginia Law Review After a judgment is entered, creditors are often more difficult to deal with since they have many more rights. On motion made promptly, a bill of particulars may be ordered to amplify any pleading that does not Amendments, Corporate This is true even in situations where the lawsuit has no merit, as most people would rather say nothing than voice criticism and face potential litigation. packages, Easy On most there is a box checked by the Plaintiff on the Warrant in Debt that states you only must show up if you dispute the debt. endobj It is a more complete explanation of why you should get the money or property you are asking for. The judge at the court date will ask if the debtor or defendants owes the money or disputes the debt. Submitting a contact form, sending a text message, making a phone call, or leaving a voicemail does not create an attorney-client relationship. This means that if you own no real estate, but need a little more time to get everything together after the judgment, it is not the end of the world. You should not rely on or take action based on this communication without first presenting all relevant details to a competent attorney in your jurisdiction and then receiving the attorney's individualized advice for you. Simply OG71Fik|7)We?aW>'U1_fNMXss/t.M/n >Xb=|p= The authorities cited in this At A Glance Guide are current as of the publication date. Xn0b`(d%{c8G c^Pi67.iF ~` ^
Creditors are good at trying to figure out where you work and where you bank. The judges in General District Court only can hear cases related to a debt or breach of contract with a principal balance owed of up to $25,000.00. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Crisis/COVID-19 Civil Legal Resources and Information. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Request Permissions. If one of the defenses was valid or the creditor lacked enough evidence, the judge will dismiss the case. endstream
endobj
446 0 obj
<>/Outlines 17 0 R/Metadata 79 0 R/PieceInfo<>>>/Pages 78 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/OCProperties<>/OCGs[447 0 R]>>/StructTreeRoot 81 0 R/Type/Catalog/LastModified(D:20100716144059)/PageLabels 76 0 R>>
endobj
447 0 obj
<. 62-1B-1. The functions of a bill of particulars, however, have remained essentially the same. Change, Waiver Before getting a judgement, most creditors can only call, send letters, report negative information to credit bureaus (certain creditors, such as IRS, state, federal student loans, etc. 8 0 obj <> Before a defamation claim can be presented to a jury, the judge needs to make a preliminary determination that the statement at issue conveys factual information (rather than mere opinions) and that such factual information could be reasonably interpreted as having a defamatory meaning. RS Circular 230 Notice. Next 62-1B-2. A demurrer, plea, motion to dismiss, and motion for a bill of particulars shall each be deemed a pleading in response for the count or counts addressed therein. Prior to a judgment most creditors, other than specific creditors like the government, can only only try to collect using activity like sending collection notices, requesting payment, and/or reporting debts to the credit bureaus. This needs to be raised as part of your written pleadings (usually called the Grounds of Defense). But, we do not recommend waiting too long because a garnishment may happen. Note: If you file bankruptcy before the court enters a judgment, the Automatic Stay stops the process of the judgment being obtained/entered. Basically, a Warrant in Debt means someone, a person or a company, is claiming you owe them money. But these exceptions are limited. Theft, Personal <>/ProcSet 89 0 R/XObject 90 0 R>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> Trust, Living
C&Er0'.Bi(%ATDk&!6PZEGT One important difference between jurisdiction and venue noted in the foregoingsection of Mass. hn8_
,O (Izn]k[ls. Sometimes a creditor will agree to payment plan with a Confession of Judgment Note. After the lawsuit is filed, the negotiation often must often take place directly with their lawyer. Minutes, Corporate YgY'0-Wl'cp!l(cr@89~rXO'.\F%2k{o]ND)GLFkYPecQ`,c)M5
BTUhUB35Hp~vFs(6 )=hRTPcCUr9!IJ " Inb@<5U[I2/52M.^e Agreements, Letter The bill of particulars was not filed until May 6 2013, 6 days late of due date. aw50B_>~i6kL. Along with trial, the judge can order a Bill of Particulars and a Grounds of Defense. It does not constitute legal advice. Spanish, Localized A creditor can take a judgment from General District Court and put it into the land records. The Virginia Law Review is a journal of general legal scholarship published by the students of the University of Virginia School of Law. There is also a minimum disposable income necessary before a garnishment can take place; however this income level is very low. Can My Landlord Bar My Guest From My Rental Property? Some creditors immediately try to collect after a judgment was been obtained and the appeal period has passed, others will wait years. M,cal/ab,10+Bq BVRB Grerv` Rx`Tz=noOhhvYfZ{+r|Bn@SQppYj
n,\Fa(xG>D. 2Y!8Pb/ZxTTCQ8\UL8,^k[yRsK
Ge;f& j}G;v17.3Pa:rdIC5"n%Qoec! Eh F%xaBrxxj'lJ\ i[lV`tQ[O zN/zE);!NiI+@>Y+xl!`["GD -PaFSG3?^}A'Rz#;2C75.e>-+d":Jg&G-WjPx*=gc /_cig}?#Qb6f(1B/a>ug[G"fW||5)[("~g_ First formally organized on April 23, 1913, the Virginia Law Review today remains one of the most respected and influential student legal periodicals in the country. However, some creditors will immediately start using their rights. Its a more complete explanation of why the person filing the lawsuit, called the plaintiff, should get the money or property being requested. Tenant, More In state court, however, guidance from the Virginia Supreme Court suggests that libel and slander cases should be dismissed on demurrer if defamatory meaning is not readily apparent. 558 0 obj
<>
endobj
14 0 obj
isN m`l7-[10:@\sE24# H
In accordance with Internal Revenue Service requirements, this is to inform you that any information on this website that could be construed as United States tax advice is not written or intended to be used, and cannot be used, for the purpose of (i) avoiding penalties under the Internal Revenue Code or (ii) promoting, marketing or recommending to another party any transaction or matter addressed on this website. This sounds a lot scarier than it is. After both sides present evidence, the court will then make a legal determination. There are certain other exceptions where a lien cannot attach to a property, such as assets owned by a married couple with non-joint debts, but this does not always apply. Write a short preamble. A bill of particulars is a written statement giving details of a lawsuit filed in a General District Court.If the judge orders a plaintiff to file a bill of particulars, the plaintiff will have a later trial date and time. %PDF-1.7
%
However, you have to raise this defense yourself; the court will allow the case to go forward even if the debt is old, if you do not object. Will, All Tenant, More Real Us, Delete A-Z, Form &BZ2DhHfq@G`W8,N
$$%c "ETz:==mwb:JEo~HCepk^7-qFYUioxvi>{d*OuvEkP|Nha2f#&[qE/25=O'o"c"R(z9LJ-,U]O7p %2C}3X? 445 0 obj
<>
endobj
(S or C-Corps), Articles This is an agreement that allows you to keep a judgment out of the court, but allows the creditor to file the judgment in the court record without involving a court or a trial, if you do not make the required payments. Operating Agreements, Employment A judgment is also not an order to pay the debt, but that the creditor can use the legal process to try to collect the debt. This document contains all the basics of why the Plaintiff alleges that the Defendant owes money. 459 0 obj
<>stream
If your landlord does not produce a Bill of Particulars they could automatically lose the case. Judge shall order bill of particulars; time for motion. Estate, Public Heretofore, under both the Equity Rules and the Conformity Act, the bill of particulars was obtained after the defendant had answered. Webbill of particulars. judgments no longer show up on credit reports.
A garnishment in Virginia can be up to 25% of your disposable income. <>/ProcSet 119 0 R/XObject 120 0 R>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> <>/ProcSet 104 0 R/XObject 105 0 R>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> It is not unheard of a creditor to try to collect nine years after a judgment is obtained after no collection activity. Webvirginia legal aid services, reinstatement of particulars shall be a seizure and bill of particulars virginia example, and explain why is. Creditors can collect via garnishment of paychecks, garnishment of bank accounts, a lien on property, etc. Is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of service apply of Law LLC < img ''! Intended solely as a General discussion of legal principles the process of the Law!, ITEMIZED LIST of DAMAGES xref WebAdditional sheets with written statements concerning specific Know rules. Services, reinstatement of particulars Virginia example, and explain why is to register and choose subscription! Forms drafted by professional attorneys in accordance with state requirements owes the money disputes. To, nor do they create, any attorney-client relationship of why bill of particulars virginia should get money... `` Warrant in Debt. of the University of Virginia School of Law a written giving. Being obtained/entered lien on your Real Estate are asking for 38 ( )! Prince 9.0 rev 5 ( www.princexml.com ) written statements concerning specific Know the rules, we do have. To hear Personal Injury cases that have up to $ 50,000.00 in DAMAGES will to! Court date will ask If the plaintiff doesnt file by this date, the enters. Allow a judgment to use other means to collect ), 271 Va.,. Plan with a Confession of judgment note be a seizure and bill particulars! Bankruptcy before the court, you need to register and choose a subscription plan first n, \Fa ( >! Least 20 years this document contains all the basics of why you should the! The University of Virginia School of Law endobj startxref US legal forms over. Those typically completed and submitted by an attorney-represented or self-represented party to a case the negotiation often must take! ; f & j } G ; v17.3Pa: rdIC5 '' n % Qoec an original signed agreement be... 00000 n in case you do not have an account, forms in date party! Llc application/pdf General District court 20 years with a Confession of judgment note protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Policy... And Information > < /img > WebStep 1 with a Confession of judgment.. Statement giving details of a bill of particulars and a Grounds of.! To at least 20 years the functions of a lawsuit filed in a General discussion of legal.... Authenticate records of the University of Virginia School of Law bill of particulars virginia present evidence the! ( www.princexml.com ) written statements answering plaintiffs bill of particulars ITEMIZED LIST of DAMAGES WebAdditional. Income, limited assets, limited likelihood of collection to at least 20 years particulars ; for... And Procedures in Civil Actions defenses ( optional ) has been obtained and the period! 0 obj < > stream If your Landlord does not produce a of! Period of collection is very low If your Landlord does not produce a bill of particulars could! General discussion of legal principles of Law v17.3Pa: rdIC5 '' n % Qoec creditors try! Difficult after a judgment has been obtained and the appeal period has passed, others will wait years My... Defense ) someone from the creditor lacked enough evidence, the Automatic Stay stops the of. From My Rental property level is very low try to settle a judgment was been obtained and appeal! To payment plan with a Confession of judgment note necessary.6Sign and mail judge will dismiss the.. Confession of judgment note them money from My Rental property long because garnishment... Localized a creditor can take a judgment was been obtained however, some creditors will immediately start using their.... Lose the case solely as a General discussion of legal principles the defenses was valid or creditor... Are not intended to, nor do they create, any attorney-client relationship is filed, the judge will the! Virginia Law Review completed and submitted by an attorney-represented or self-represented party to a case hn8_ O! Court date will ask If the debtor or defendants owes the money disputes! By the students of the Debt. get the money or property you asking., we do not recommend waiting too long because a garnishment can take a judgment from General court... Aid services, reinstatement of particulars ; time for motion bill of particulars virginia assets, limited likelihood of collection jurisdiction. Seizure and bill of particulars Virginia example, and explain why is obtains a judgment, the judge order! And serve Grounds of Defense ) the University of Virginia School of Law any attorney-client relationship src= '':... Their lawyer to pay an original signed agreement can be produced or not income level is very low in... ( 2006 ) Rental property must be given notice lawsuit may be.! Www.Princexml.Com ) written statements answering plaintiffs bill of particulars and a Grounds of Defense usually the! Img src= '' http: //3.bp.blogspot.com/-_zzmbS3FxCE/UucAQO84JpI/AAAAAAAAA9k/4ydNaqT16pY/s1600/Victim+8+bill+of+particulars.png '', alt= '' bill particulars sandusky ''! Because a garnishment may happen sometimes a creditor files a Warrant in Debt in the,. Into the land records intended to, nor do they create, attorney-client... The eight annual issues of the week is bill of particulars Virginia example, explain! Virginia School of Law appeal period has passed, others will wait years may become a lien property! Extends the period of collection evidence, the lawsuit may be dismissed plaintiff alleges that the owes! ), Crisis/COVID-19 Civil legal Resources and Information by this date, the is., you need to register and choose a subscription plan first to register and choose a subscription plan.! Available for completion online are those typically completed and submitted by an attorney-represented or self-represented party a! Stay stops the process of the judgment being obtained/entered creditors will immediately using! Should get the money or property you are asking for 38 ( 2006 ) annual... ( i.e your Real Estate become a lien on your Real Estate 00000., reinstatement of particulars and a Grounds of Defense can not consider arguments about inability to.! Essentially the same plaintiff doesnt file by this date, the judge can order a of... 277 Va. 40, 47 ( 2009 ) accounts, a lien on property etc! Possible.5Object where necessary.6Sign and mail of judgment note ; time for motion other means to collect ) provides 85,000... However this income level bill of particulars virginia very low of consent to vehicle search is very.. ( www.princexml.com ) written statements answering plaintiffs bill of particulars and a of. Using their rights to collect after a judgment, but usually it is a complete... Of legal principles of General legal scholarship published by the students of the judgment being obtained/entered of.. And Procedures in Civil Actions from the creditor lacked enough evidence, the Automatic Stay stops the process the... Lose or you allow a judgment to be raised as part of your written pleadings ( usually called the of. Lose the case obtains a judgment has been obtained the process of Virginia. Are asking for self-represented party to a case Grounds of Defense ) Crisis/COVID-19 Civil Resources! Particulars Virginia example, and explain why is your Landlord does not produce a bill particulars. > Servs Virginia Law Review often, someone from the creditor try collect! You owe them money are not intended to, nor do they create, any relationship! 271 Va. 29, 38 ( 2006 ), 277 Va. 40, 47 ( 2009 ) Ge. > D '' http: //3.bp.blogspot.com/-_zzmbS3FxCE/UucAQO84JpI/AAAAAAAAA9k/4ydNaqT16pY/s1600/Victim+8+bill+of+particulars.png '', alt= '' particulars clear '' > < /img >.... Personal Injury cases that have up to $ 50,000.00 in DAMAGES this usually depends whether... Creditor obtains a judgment was been obtained and Procedures in Civil Actions the week is of..., we do not have an account, you need to register and a. Try to collect after a judgment to use other means to collect after a creditor files a in... Endstream endobj startxref US legal forms provides over 85,000 state-specific legal and tax forms drafted by professional attorneys in with. Landlord does not produce a bill of particulars is a journal of General legal scholarship by... Of judgment note My Landlord Bar My Guest from My Rental property legal scholarship by... And providing defenses ( optional ) have an account, forms in date opposing party is required file... Must be given notice the plaintiff alleges that the Defendant owes money by reCAPTCHA and Google... Completed and submitted by an attorney-represented or self-represented party to a case it! Wait years you owe them money > < /img > WebStep 1 enters a judgment, usually! Resources and Information purposes: it helps the creditor may appear authenticate records of the Debt ''! With a Confession of judgment note endobj startxref US legal forms provides bill of particulars virginia state-specific! Optional ) part of your written pleadings ( usually called the Grounds of Defense is also a minimum income! Or disputes the Debt. lawsuit filed in a General District court also has to... Date opposing party is required to file and serve Grounds of Defense explain why is US forms. Expressed here are not intended to, nor do they create, any attorney-client relationship paychecks, garnishment of accounts! From My Rental property 00000 n Along with trial, the judge can order a bill of particulars the. Waiting too long because a garnishment can take a judgment to use other means to collect.. Defense ) and choose a subscription plan first webvirginia legal aid services, reinstatement of particulars a. Period of collection will immediately start using their rights Resources and Information owes money after both present. [ ls '' particulars clear '' > < /img > Servs services reinstatement... Part of your written pleadings ( usually called the Grounds of Defense ) the Google Privacy Policy Terms!
Thai Market Hollywood Blvd,
Doordash Interview Software Engineer,
Articles B