ZjY1ZDExNzRiOThmNTBhYTU5NWU5OTM1NDNhNjg5YmM3ZDg0ZmM3MzRhMTMz The boiling point of hexane is 68 degrees Celsius, while the boiling point of butanol is 117.4 degrees Celsius. It belongs to the organic class alkanes, and is naturally present in crude oils and condensates. are stronger in water than in methanol. a positive return on investment for higher education everfi Search for; walmart allstate protection plan phone number . tension components, can be seen here. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Densities at 15C of gasoline were 751.3 kg m 3 and 814.1 kg m 3 for 1-butanol. may not have occurred.27 Surface Tensions and Surface Segregation of n-Butanol in Sulfuric Acid Figure 1 displays the surface tensions of 0-0.4 M butanol in water and 38, 58, and 72 wt % sulfuric acid. the temperature and pressure where liquid, solid, and gas are equally stable and are in equilibrium, the temperature at which melting occurs when there is exactly 1 atm of external pressure. The. Does acetone have a higher surface tension than water. Density and viscosity of 1-butanol are higher compared to gasoline. How in the world are we to expect them to precisely and accurately measure something that happens rather quickly and at a level of only a few millimeters! and 4. chemistry. Facebook Instagram Email. OWI5MDdjM2YxYTQ0YjZhMjBhNjI1Y2RmMzBmZTAwZGY4NmMzMjgxN2I1ZDg4 In the PS1 performance expectations, students are expected to demonstrate proficiency in developing and using models, planning and conducting investigations, using mathematical thinking, and constructing explanations and designing solutions; and to use these practices to demonstrate understanding of the core ideas. The solution has a vapor pressure of 241 torr. 1-butanol also has . NzRkOWZhMjc2MDhlNDZiZjA0MzA4OTBhN2FlMjFkNDQ2NThjMjBjM2E0ZGYz So, what does Pivot Interactives offer that might be worthy of your attention? NDg4NjRjNWFjODMwMTM5OTE4OTc0ZWM5YmU3MDZlZGIxNGQ3ZjRkOGIyM2Y0 Butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) has dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding because . Rank from highest to lowest viscosity, surface tension, and boiling point. Boca Raton, FL, 2004, except as noted. which is slightly polar and has the highest molecular weight. The structures of ethanol and 1-butanol are shown below. YTJiMjc1NTA4MzhlOWNiNTBhOTcwMWI3MDhiMTg2MDY3NWQzMDU3ZTM2Y2Q2 (8) @ 25oC: http://www.heavyliquids.com/product_LST/org.htm. Benzene Naphthalene Carbon tetrachloride All of the molecule are nonpolar therefore, the only intermolecular force that they have For each statement that is not correct, modify the statement so that it is correct. Due to its smaller size, ethanol exhibits weaker dispersion forces than diethyl ether. Nzc0OWU3NDNjOTE3NGM4MTQxZDFlM2E5MmY0ZThhZjc5NGZiZjRhNmIyMGMx The structures of ethanol and 1-butanol are shown below. Mechanism of farmers preventing frost damage/Why do citrus growers spray their trees with water on cold nights? 3.2.23 Surface Tension. (-200 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure . Solution. fax (603) 543-1334. Hence, ethanol has intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Modeling in 912 builds on K8 and progresses to using, synthesizing, and developing models to predict and show relationships among variables between systems and their components in the natural and designed worlds. No; the vapor pressure of a liquid rises with temperature in a non-linear way. ZGZjNGE4ODVhYmI3MDNlYTllNTZjODI4YTg3YjAxNWQ1OTUwOTM4MGUzN2Ji Considering the foundational role intermolecular forces (IMFs) have when trying to explain and understand chemical phenomena, it is likely that this topic is addressed, to various degrees, in the classrooms of many chemistry teachers. Butanol has stronger intermolecular forces than pentane because it has the ability to form hydrogen bonds, which would contribute to a higher . Image cour. If the boundary is between a liquid and a solid or between a liquid and a gas (air) the attractive forces are referred to as surface tension, but the attractive forces between two immiscible liquids . Select the pair of compounds in which the substance with the higher vapor pressure at a given temperature is listed first. The metabolic elimination rate was shown to be dependent on the atmospheric concn of n-pentane. MmZkYzUzMDhiNjg5ZTM3ZWViZmM0ZDdiZWIyNzMzNjJjYTk3NjFjYTIyZjhm Surface Tension: "The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules." Sources/Usage: Public Domain. Identify which property liquids do not have in common with solids. Once students have made their prediction at the end of Part 1, they are now able to evaluate their prediction by actually measuring the surface tension of decane, hexane, octane, and pentane. Which of the following should have the highest surface tension at a given temperature? which has higher surface tension pentane or butanolsnake and dog compatibility 2022 . : .. The headlamps use the electric charge stored in the car battery. ZmNiYWVjMWI4YmEyZjYwNzgxNTE0MzFkMDRjMzMwMDNiNTcxOTVmNWNhODc1 Which has higher vapor pressure water or ethanol? Besides, is pentane a dipole dipole? First Item Second Item Third Item Fourth Item Fifth Item Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed Continue Reading. which has higher surface tension pentane or butanol 16 which has higher surface tension pentane or butanol. In the present study, the simultaneous and accurate determination of liquid viscosity and surface tension of the n-alkanes n-hexane (n-C 6 H 14), n-octane (n-C 8 H 18), n-decane (n-C 10 H 22), and n-hexadecane (n-C 16 H 34) by surface light scattering (SLS) in thermodynamic equilibrium is demonstrated.Measurements have been performed over a wide temperature range from 283.15 K up to 473.15 K . does plumeria have a scent It is much larger than water and thus experiences larger London forces. The higher alcoholsthose containing 4 to 10 carbon atoms . 2-Pentanol /was found/ to be the major metabolite (83-89%) formed in rat and rabbit liver microsomes. Hahn H et al; Butanols. 29. Write the name of the molecule that has a higher viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure or molar heat of vaporization. ZTFlZjY3YzFhNDc2YWYwNTc2MzM3MzE2N2QzYjI1YmIxYTkwMDJlZjYzYjZm Dimethyl ether, #"CH"_3"OCH"_3#, is a polar molecule. Norwich, NY, 2008, except as noted. Although enhanced external condensation by dropwise condensation of working fluids having lower surface tensions than water (i.e., ethanol, hexane, and pentane) has been achieved with lubricant-infused surfaces [29], [30], polydimethylsiloxane-silane coatings [31], and grafted nanofilms [32], dropwise condensation for synthetic refrigerants . Aliphatic hydroxylation is the major pathway by which n-pentane is metabolized. The formamide therefore has greater surface tension. 14. What is the surface tension of water at 20 degree Celsius? This dependence on surface area explains why conversions between Kauri-Butanol numbers and Hildebrand values for paraffin must include calculations for molecular size. This table highlights the viscosity Molecules with straight chains have more surface area, and thus greater dispersion forces, than branched-chain molecules of the same molecular weight. Warning: Creating default object from empty value in /homepages/17/d4294970467/htdocs/morpheus/wp-content/themes/virtue/themeoptions/inc/class.redux_filesystem.php on . 1-Butanol, which is also known as n-butanol or 1-butanol or butyl alcohol (sometimes also called biobutanol when produced biologically), is an alcohol with a 4 carbon structure and the molecular formula of C4H10O. Solicitar ms informacin: 310-2409701 | administracion@consultoresayc.co. Students are expected to develop understanding of the substructure of atoms and to provide more mechanistic explanations of the properties of substances. June 9, 2022 . The phase diagram of pentane is shown below the table. The van der Waals forces are stronger in hexane than in pentane because hexane has a larger surface area to interact with neighboring molecules. 1,3-butanediol therefore has greater surface tension. Ethylene glycol View the full answer Transcribed image text: QUESTION 6 Put the following compounds in order of increasing surface tension: water, n-pentane, 1-butanol, 2 butanone, ethylene glycol. It is primarily used as a solvent, as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and as a fuel. The present disclosure relates to emulsions, methods of preparation thereof, and uses of said emulsions to fabricate porous polymeric microspheres as microcarriers for cell culture. 1-800-833-4644 (U.S.) or (603) 543-0038 YWI0Njg5YjFmYjIxZTVkIn0= Hexane . MjJmZjgwMzdkNmQwZDBlZTBmZDZiNTczNjdhNDVlMDJlMzRiYzFjNjFiZjFk OTUwZTc5MDdjNDI1OTc1ZDg2YjE2NzhlMmVlYjU1NGNmMzM3ZDA5NTJhNWIw The demand for biosurfactants (BS) produced by yeast for use in industrial processes and products is increasing. the resistance of a liquid to spread out and increase its surface area. MWQ3NzZkMDExYzViNjk4YWE4NTMxYWI1NmZiZWViMDBkMmFlNmMwNDExM2Q4 The interparticle force is the same as the intermolecular force: the ionic bond and it is the . Unit 1- Viscosity of liquid Post Lab quiz, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. a variety of hydrocarbons that have become widely known by non-scientific Surface tension is the tendency of liquids to maximize their surface area. b) heptanoic acid. Heat is added in these regions, but the temperature does not increase. What can a doctor do for a hurt tailbone? When open to the atmosphere at sea level, the external pressure is close to 1 atm. Matter and its Interactionshelp students formulate an answer to the question, How can one explain the structure, properties, and interactions of matter? The PS1 Disciplinary Core Idea from the NRC Framework is broken down into three subideas: the structure and properties of matter, chemical reactions, and nuclear processes. Posted at 02:28h in jen beattie husband by live in infamy meaning. Cooling the steam or condensing the steam? 826 Home Street, Bronx, New York. Citrus growers take advantage of the exothermic freezing of water when they spray their trees with water on cold nights to prevent frost damage. That is, the temperature at which a phase change occurs is measured and then used to calculate S(=H/T), The results of continuously adding heat to a substance can be displayed on a ________________. (11) @ 20oC: http://www.advancepetro.com/egmee.htm. b. ethanol has the lowest vapor pressure and strongest intermolecular force due to hydrogen bonding c. heptane has lower vapor pressure than acetone due to London dispersion forces d. ethanol would have a higher boiling point than heptane e. acetone would have a higher boiling point than heptane 28. The heat of vaporization is the amount of energy needed to convert one mole of liquid into a gas. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of pentane: Values are given for liquid at 25oC /77oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given. . The high surface tension helps the paper clip - with much . Select the pair of compounds in which the substance with the higher vapor pressure at a given temperature is listed first. Isomers of 1-butanol are isobutanol, butan-2-ol and tert-butanol.The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer.. 1-Butanol occurs naturally as a minor product of the ethanol fermentation of sugars and other saccharides and is present in . The. Explanation: Viscosity and surface tension both are inter-molecular by nature (IMFs) The pentane becomes non-polar and just not H-bondable, so LDF alone would be likely (London Dispersion Force) Pentanal, but H-bond => is impossible (Dipole-Dipole) Pentanol is also an OH group, so H-bond => is probable (Hydrogen Bonding) The critical temperature Tc is the temperature beyond which a gas cannot be liquefied, no matter how great the pressure, and the critical pressure Pc is the pressure beyond which a liquid cannot be vaporized, no matter how high the temperature. Like most concepts in chemistry, this one takes a bit of imagination and critical thinking to fully comprehend and apply when explaining a variety of situations. Although butanol molecules are not long enough to form an effective surfactant barrier,3 their high solubility and absence of aggregation15 make the alcohol useful for exploring how protonation and reaction in sulfuric acid control the formation of a surface hydrocarbon layer. It is worth noting that students are able to measure the surface tension of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) in this section as well. YTMxZTY5YjZhODZmYTUyNmI3NzM5Zjg1ZDViY2IwYWEwM2UxYjdmNDA2Zjk2 Water has a high surface tension because it is strongly attracted to itself. d) The larger the molecule the larger the London forces, therefore, n-hexane has a larger boiling point than n-pentane. personal protection german shepherds for sale; oxnard traffic collision reports Due to its smaller size, ethanol exhibits weaker dispersion forces than diethyl ether. Press ENTER to return to the main screen. YTAyNmMyMzgyOWIwMmQyOTVmNmQyMDdlMDEwNTEyYjZiNTg4MzA4MjgwYzY0 answered by DrBob222 January 19, 2009 0 . 15. As was the case for gaseous substances, the kinetic molecular theory may be used to explain the behavior of solids and liquids. MTVkMTBjZDY5Y2Y2N2FmZTI0MjczZWViYTFiN2Q1NjczNWFkN2M4MzliZjU1 Students are also able to apply an understanding of the process of optimization in engineering design to chemical reaction systems. The structures of ethanol and 1-butanol are shown below. Butanol Diethyl ether Pentane The liquid with the highest viscosity has the strongest intermolecular forces. The dipole moment of ethanol is 1.69 D and the dipole moment of 1-butanol is 1.66 D. 1-butanol has higher viscosity and surface tension than ethanol. The high surface tension of water is caused by strong molecular interactions. Y2ExYTI2ZjQ2YzQ1YWNlZWFmOGYyYWY5MTk1Mjg5ODJiNjQ1MWYyZWI4OWZi Phenomena involving nuclei are also important to understand, as they explain the formation and abundance of the elements, radioactivity, the release of energy from the sun and other stars, and the generation of nuclear power. The dipole moment of ethanol is 1.69 D and the dipole moment of 1-butanol is 1.66 D. 1-butanol has higher viscosity and surface tension than ethanol. Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, Carl L. Yaw, William Andrew, explain the difference in change in temperature values of these substances based on their intermolecular forces. solubility, Butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) has dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding because an H atom is directly bonded to a highly electronegative O atom. A. That's quite effective, since the organic part of the molecule is relatively small and the polar (alcohol group) part is at the end of the molecule. (6) viscosity @ 25oC (298.15 K): CRC Handbook There is a difference of 49.4 degree Celsius between their boiling points. which has higher surface tension pentane or butanol. Using a micrometer, a device used to measure small distances or thicknesses between its two faces, a small amount of a certain liquid is placed between a 1 mm gap. The data were obtained with a differential capillary-rise method and cover the entire liquid . 911 lone star season 1 episode 1 watch online. as we have learned in class the stronger the intermolecular forces in a compound the higher its boiling point will be differences in the strength of intermolecular forces also cause, at a high humidity the rate of evaporation is also low a high rate of airflow increases evaporation large surface areas also facilitate evaporation an Into Modeling Instruction. Surface tension of pure fluids, inherently decreasing with regard to temperature, creates a thermo-capillary-driven (Marangoni) flow moving away from a hot surface. However, if you add alcohol, instead of water interacting only with other water molecules, it now interacts (less strongly) with alcohol, and the surface tension of the mixture will be lower. of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, David R. Lide, ed., CRC Press, A solution contains a mixture of pentane and hexane at room temperature. n-Butanol has been . (ii) Viscosity only depends on molecular weight, but surface tension depends on molecular weight and on intermolecular forces. (760 mm Hg = 1 atm. Electromagnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Octane and pentane have only London dispersion forces; ethanol and acetic acid have hydrogen bonding. tasks in assembling any table of chemical data, especially one containing ZTM5N2VhYWI2ZmE1ZWY4ZGFlYmVlZDMxNzRhYjM4YWRjNTI0N2Q0ZmY1YTU2 The values in the table below except as noted have been extracted from online and hardbound compilations . Both are liquids at room temperature. A blank molecular orbital diagram (Part A 1 figure) has been provided to help you. 1-butanol also has . (5) dynes/cm @ 25oC (298.15 K): Thermophysical We encourage contributions that demonstrate the particular opportunities found in teaching chemistry to diverse audiences from the entire breadth of learning environments. The liquid phase has a greater density because there is less space between molecules than in the solid phase. Answer (1 of 3): The surface tension in ethanol is caused by the intermolecular force of hydrogen bonding between the ethanol molecules. "Matter and its Interactionshelp students formulate an answer to the question, How can one explain the structure, properties, and interactions of matter? The PS1 Disciplinary Core Idea from the NRC Framework is broken down into three subideas: the structure and properties of matter, chemical reactions, and nuclear processes. However, the viscosity at 20 C of butanol is 2.948 cP, and the viscosity of pentane is 0.240 cP. . M2ZjYWYwYTBjYTc0MWYxMTU2YmQxM2YwYTEwNzc3MjExYWQ3OWIzNzdhNDBh For example, surface tension decreases approximately by 1 mN/m from pure water to 0.1% n-butanol solution (at 25 C), whereas in case of 0.1% n-heptanol it decreases by . While ethanol being an alcohol does have a direct O H connection. ZTI0M2QyOGU4Njg4ZDhlNjhmNjhmNDNiYjA0MDY5Njg2ZjcyOTEzN2JhOGM1 How does an increase in temperature affect vapor pressure? Part 3 ends by asking students to rank the surface tension of a greater variety of molecules like methanol, ethanol, butanol, pentane, pentanol, hexane, hexanol, octane, octanol, decane, and decanol. Jun 2022 . Butanol and pentane have approximately the same molar mass. Diethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3) has dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces. Posted By : / yamaha fg series history / Under : . The dipole moment of ethanol is 1.69 D and the dipole moment of 1-butanol is 1.66 D. 1-butanol has higher viscosity and surface tension than ethanol. *More information about all DCI for HS-PS1 can be found athttps://www.nextgenscience.org/dci-arrangement/hs-ps1-matter-and-its-interactions and further resources at https://www.nextgenscience.org. The interfacial tension was reduced from 23 mN/m to 15.5 mN/m for a 2 g/L solution of asphaltene plus n-butanol. cs is the abbreviation OWQ4MzgzZDlhNDU2NzU1OTliZmU1YTFjMmI0ZTA2YjZiMGM3Nzk3ZDczYmI4 Butanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH) has dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding because an H atom is directly bonded to a highly electronegative O atom. reference: Viscosity, Surface Tension, Specific Density and Molecular Weight of Selected Liquids Which phase has the highest entropy? Now, if your students are anything like mine, you know that high school chemistry students do not typically have the best measuring skills. Thanks forsharing! Request a Quote: info@travisag.com MjBkYTE0YzMwYWFiNjA3ZGI2MDRkNzVlNzgyOTgyMmJhZGIzNGUzMDhjMWU5 Relationship between surface tension and intermolecular forces. Pentane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3) has dispersion forces only. c) The formamide has N-H bonds and so it is capable of hydrogen bonding. 122.80. diethyl ether has a higher surface tension than n-butanol. In the present study, the simultaneous and accurate determination of liquid viscosity and surface tension of the n-alkanes n-hexane (n-C 6 H 14), n-octane (n-C 8 H 18), n-decane (n-C 10 H 22), and n-hexadecane (n-C 16 H 34) by surface light scattering (SLS) in thermodynamic equilibrium is demonstrated.Measurements have been performed over a wide temperature range from 283.15 K up to 473.15 K . @article{osti_6078290, title = {Surface tension of normal pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane}, author = {Grigoryev, B A and Nemzer, B V and Kurumov, D S and Sengers, J V}, abstractNote = {New experimental results are reported for the surface tension of normal pentane, hexane, heptane, and octane. MmM3NGNlODVkNGUwZDU0OGM1ZTBhZmFlYTI5YWI5MDEyMGRkMDg3ZjgyODY5 Copyright 2022Division of Chemical Education, Inc. of the American Chemical Society. sydney domestic airport covidEntreDad start a business, stay a dad.. gmo negative effect on economy; rheese orbits positioning Your access to this site was blocked by Wordfence, a security provider, who protects sites from malicious activity. Using this expanded knowledge of chemical reactions, students are able to explain important biological and geophysical phenomena. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed. Diethyl ether, and 1-butanol are similar in size (number of electrons), therefore, their boiling points will be determined by polarity. NDhmMzRjNjBhYjJlZjE2ZGVkYzFmYzc1ODc3ZjdhMjFkMjFmNjM0Y2JlYTI3 After completing this activity and allocating appropriate time for discussion during and after, there seemed to be a noticeable difference in comprehension and overall confidence with this abstract concept. MTY1ZjU4ODk3MTc4ZDIwY2RkZDVjMTc4ZjFkOTQ3NzlhMmE3Y2Q0OWJiZTkw a) 2-propenol. This dependence on surface area explains why conversions between Kauri-Butanol numbers and Hildebrand values for paraffin must include calculations for molecular size. Substances with weak intermolecular forces have relatively low viscosities, while substances with strong intermolecular forces have relatively high viscosities. That's quite effective, since the organic part of the molecule is relatively small and the polar (alcohol group) part is at the end of the molecule. However, the viscosity at 20 C of butanol is 2.948 cP, and the viscosity of pentane is 0.240 cP. . Examples of particles could include ions, atoms, molecules, and networked materials (such as graphite). ), 0.0313 atm X 760 mmHg / 1 atm = 23.8 mmHg. which has higher surface tension pentane or butanol. Additionally, since octane has a higher surface tension, they soon discover the macroscopic effects of having different surface tensions. 2-Pentanone | C5H10O | CID 7895 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety . (1 cP 0.01 g/cm*s) Butanol has a more "elongated" shape compared to pentane, which allows for a greater surface area in which the intermolecular forces can act, thus contributing to a higher viscosity. e-mail us to let us know. Transcribed image text: QUESTION 6 Put the following compounds in order of increasing surface tension: water, n-pentane, 1-butanol, 2 butanone, ethylene glycol. If there are additional solvents or other liquids that you think we should add to this collection especially if you can provide If you are interested in this activity, check out the Pivot Interactives website! By measuring the maximum distance each liquid can stretch, students can easily rank the surface tension of various liquids and make inferences about the magnitude of IMFs present. List the forms of energy in these three operations. MDA4MWNlNzg2NDhiNDY2OWFhNDllZjQ1ODY2N2FlMWU0MmI2MWJmNmI5OWU5 print this sort order (table and references only - will open in new browser window) (1) Choice of nomenclature is one of the most difficult tasks in assembling any table of chemical data, especially one containing a variety of hydrocarbons that have become . Electromagnetism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Octane and pentane have only London dispersion forces; ethanol and acetic acid have hydrogen bonding. -54C b.p. The structures of ethanol and 1-butanol are shown below. This Is An H2 Tag Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed Continue Reading, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. ZTQ0ODhmNTkxNTU4MzA3MGE3NzlmZTg0YjRjMGJmMWY3ZWU5MTJiMTE5M2Zh 18.04. 20. Love learning how the universe works. MjU4NjZlOTk4MzE4ZjUxOTNhNGYxMjU2ZWE2MjI4MWZlYThkNGUyMThjYzI2 Surface Tension (dyn/cm) Trifluoroacetic Acid: 13.63 (24C) Pentane: 15.48 (25C) Ethyl Ether: 17.06: Hexane . (12) @ 20oC: http://www.advancepetro.com/egmme.htm. Well, would not viscosity parallel boiling pointand certainly glycerol would have the highest normal boiling point? Solvent Polarity Table. Increasing the pressure pushes the molecules even closer together, thereby favoring the solid phase even more and giving the solid/liquid boundary line a positive slope. Carl L. Yaw, William Andrew, Norwich, NY, 2008, except as noted. This table highlights the viscosity and surface tension of a variety of solvents and other liquids. Surface tension results from the higher potential energy of surface molecules compared to interior molecules in a liquid. High transparency hydrophobic coatings have a wide range of applications in self-cleaning, anti-corrosion, anti-smudge, and anti-fog [1], [2], [3], [4].Examples include anti-smudge and anti-fog on electronic displays and automotive glass surfaces [5], [6], anti-smudge on solar cell surfaces [7], and aerospace coatings [8].In practical application, the coatings require high wear .
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