Studies were included in the present systematic review if they met these criteria: (i) full-text publication was written in English, (ii) inspected the repellency effects of plant extracts and essential oils against malaria vectors, Anopheles spp. Asian Pac J Trop Med. and candles, and also in aromatherapy. transportation to go at our research environment. Lara M, Gutierrez J, Timon M, Andrs A. 2009;2009:e908085. Lemongrass is an annual plant that grows between 2 and 4 feet tall. Related Foreign Studies Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) is an effective repellent against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae In: Veer V, Gopalakrishnan R, editors. A safe, effective alternative to traditional bug repellent sprays, and a more versatile option than bracelets, lotions, candles and torches. CAS The reason for this is because lemon grass does not contain a high enough concentration of active ingredients needed to ward off insects. In this study, its effectiveness was assessed on stable . Environment, Research Respondents, and Research Procedure. Lemon grass Annu Rev Entomol. Extracting the lemongrass oil will be done through Steam Distillation Google Scholar. locate the host (Ghosh, 2005). insect repellent with its pleasing aroma and overall effectiveness were evident through Accordingly, the idea of using natural mosquito repellent products as an alternative to develop new eco-friendly repellents could be an amicable solution to scale back the undesirable effects on environment and human health. is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)s and Generally Recognized as Chapter Insect odorant receptors are molecular targets of the insect repellent. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. Prabhu K, Murugan K, Nareshkumar A, Ramasubramanian N, Bragadeeswaran S. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Moringa oleifera against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles. As cost is a significant factor, examination of the use of local florae as repellents is highly suggested. of lemongrass oil. the related studies. Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. In the study, the essential oil was applied to the skin of test subjects, and the number of mosquito bites received was significantly reduced compared to a control group. ` VW*p)}u'_+WWnSfzUZXPP7XTG':Vv[>6eqc4D=1C0d[4l]N5Vj;IMR&:&.89DH/*I.+(3Z:RQX$x('mu6Ib This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of plant-based repellents against Anopheles mosquitoes. The percentage repellency was doseresponse and was reported to be 66%, 74% and 96%, respectively. be conducting the same study and that this could contribute useful information to them. (E. Lemongrass oil, Eucalyptus oil, etc.). In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of tagetes was explored. In the Philippines, its stephensi. Basically, a repellent The plant can be used in a number of ways to keep bugs out of your home and garden. 2008;319:183842. 2012;15:76673. Repellent activities of the essential oils of four Sudanese accessions of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against Anopheles mosquito. For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. for safe use, lemongrass oil is mixed by water and alcohol. [41] used turmeric essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% concentrations against An. Citronella (50ml) & Lemon Grass (50ml) - 100ml Total . While, in another study [45], it repelled An. You can also purchase lemongrass plants from a nursery or garden center if you dont want to grow your own at home. Chichester: Wiley; 1996. p. 25466. Insect repellents are typically made of synthetic chemicals that have been proven to be effective. gambiae [54]. prevent arthropod borne diseases. insect repellent. In addition, a manual search was conducted to identify further pertinent articles using references from retrieved studies. <> 2008;7:152. Ansari M, Razdan R, Tandon M, Vasudevan P. Larvicidal and repellent actions of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb (F Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes. Parasitol Res. Govindarajan M, Mathivanan T, Elumalai K, Krishnappa K, Anandan A. Ovicidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. Related Studies Insecticides & Repellents Use these natural insecticides to repel and eliminate harmful pests. Sritabutra D, Soonwera M, Waltanachanobon S, Poungjai S. Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. Panneerselvam C, Murugan K. Adulticidal, repellent, and ovicidal properties of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Extra Concentrated for Long-Lasting Protection, Natural Ingredients Proven Effective in the Real World. gambiae was identified. any chemical substance that may irritate sensitive skin immediately. lemongrass on mosquitoes and ants in an open area. 2005;36:1423. For the Society that this could give them knowledge about the importance of Saudi J Biol Sci. None of the studies reported the inclusion and exclusion criteria explicitly other than specifying a healthy volunteer. effectiveness of Lemongrass as a Natural Insect Repellent. Presently, there is no effective prophylactic anti-malarial vaccine and no suitable preventive measure other than vector control is available [5]. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. [] also reported . Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus. 2010;13:8596. % Characterization and evaluation of repellent effect of essential oil of Mangifera indica L. from Kenya. Plant oils may serve as suitable alternatives to synthetic repellents in the future as they are relatively safe, inexpensive, and are readily available in many parts of the world. 2016;115:99106. Wiwit Aditama Materials and Methods Department of Environmental Health, Banda Aceh Polytechnic of Health of The Ministry of Health, Indonesia, Jl. [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. dirus. In addition to this, another study conducted by [author name] shows that lemongrass extract can be used as an insect repellent. attempts repellent themselves, they can ensure that it is safe and not even a single drop of a DEET Sci. [27], orange extract at 50, 150 and 250, 350, and 450ppm showed 0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5 and 2h complete protection time repellency (100%) against An. alternative insect repellent can lessen health worries of people since natural insect The oil of Citronella has been used for Article Chemical composition and mosquito repellency of essential oil of Conyza newii propagated in different geographical locations of Kenya. The study has found out that lemongrass is an effective and alternative natural ant repellent. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS ( Cymbopogon Citratus) AS NATURAL ANT REPELLENT Presented by: ANDREI E. ELUMBA JOHNREI J. LIM Younoussa L, Nukenine EN, Danga SPY, Esimone CO. Repellent activity of the creams formulated from Annona senegalensis and Boswellia dalzielii leaf fractions and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Lemongrass does not have MK collaborated in the study conception and the collection and translation of articles. lemongrass oil, it should be mixed with alcohol to ensure the safety of the product when The extracting the lemongrass oil from the lemongrass stalks, Steam Distillation could also Trop Med Int Health. Anopheles stephensi Liston. The frequent use of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target organisms [4, 7]. Google Scholar. The repellency effect of citronella was investigated in several studies. Traditional use of mosquito-repellent plants in western Kenya and their evaluation in semi-field experimental huts against Anopheles gambiae: ethnobotanical studies and application by thermal expulsion and direct burning. Table 4. Ditzen M, Pellegrino M, Vosshall LB. Advances in vector mosquito control technologies, with particular reference to herbal products. Liloan is a municipality in the northern part of Cebu In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of myrtle was investigated. Lemon Grass has a pleasant scent that can repel insects, but does it work? Article For other plants, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. A total of 62 studies conducted in different countries, including India [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40], Thailand [4, 5, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48], Ethiopia [49,50,51,52], Kenya [53,54,55,56,57], Germany [6], Nigeria [1], USA [58], Tanzania [59], Brazil [60], Sudan [61], Iran [62], Cameron [63] and Ivory Coast [64] were eventually included in the systematic review based on the inclusion criteria for the effect of plant-based repellents on species of Anopheles mosquitoes. If a consensus was not reached, another reviewer was consulted to resolve any feasible discrepancies. Nevertheless, another study [58] reported that the complete protection time of thyme at its maximum concentration (100%) is 1.7h against Anopheles albimanus. Insect repellents may have different characteristics but serve the same purpose registered in the list of EPA-GRAS. GENTLE ON KIDS, EASY-TO-USE. Correspondence to dirus for 0.83h. Phasomkusolsi et al. For the Parents/Guardians that in making insect repellent with the use of 10ml of lemongrass essential oil Among 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes known globally, more than 50 species can transmit malaria from the bite of the infected female Anopheles spp. (Family: Caesalpinaceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi. Php 40 it is highly affordable than the other chemical insect repellent that can Insect repellents: principles, methods and uses. Insect Repellents Oils, Volatile . <>>> related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent Gramineae). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). The Table 3 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the affordability of In fact, many studies have shown that lemon grass is not as effective as Deet, which is the most widely-used insect repellent in the United States. reactions. [6], with 100% protection against An. Using Lemongrass as an Walle M, Walle B, Zerihun L, Makonnen E. Sedative-hypnotic like effect of the essential oil from the leaves of Myrtus communis on mice. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. Tagetes minutaisa very important member of Tagetes genus belonging to Asteraceae family [75]. The effect of peppermint on Anopheles was explored in 3 studies. It is one of the significant reasons for maternal and childhood morbidity and mortality, including low birth weight, stillbirths, and early infant death in sub-Saharan Africa [3]. ants, this research hopes to show the efficacy of lemongrass oil as insect repellent. 2013;11:374411. stream 2005;42:95. [42], clove at 0.02, 0.10 and 0.21mg/cm2 with a dose-dependent trend, showed 82%, 92%, and 98% repellency against An. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison). Since they will be making the insect CAS Repellent activity of catmint, Nepeta cataria, and iridoid nepetalactone isomers against Afro-tropical mosquitoes, ixodid ticks and red poultry mites. Ovicidal, repellent, adulticidal and field evaluations of plant extract against dengue, malaria and filarial vectors. Extraction Process everywhere throughout the world have come to depend on the strong insect repellent [] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11 h.Amer et al. The use of repellents to protect people from bites of mosquitoes previously has been acknowledged as part of an overall integrated insect-borne disease control programme [6]. These insect repellents help prevent and control the convenient to the fellow researchers. Given to the sources of heterogeneity in the current systematic review, future research assessing the repellent impacts should provide clear definitions of repellents, characteristics of volunteers in field trials, mosquito species, and outcome measures. Google Scholar. [6] reported that 20% oil solutions of both camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) had 100% repellency affect against An. In making the lemongrass insect repellent mixture, the following are the VITJS4 crude extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. The plant, indigenous to Europe, is now widespread in cultivation worldwide [66]. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of leaf and twig extracts of stout camphor tree, Cinnamomum kanehirae, and the effects on immunity and disease resistance of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The repellency effect of Neem against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 2 studies. 2013;97:2631. dirus. Lemongrass is a natural insect repellent and works as a pesticide. Herbal insecticides, repellents and biomedicines: effectiveness and commercialization. Citronella oil could provide sufficient protection time against mosquitoes. 3 0 obj J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. dirus for 6h. In contrast, in the study by Seyoum et al. Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L, compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. J Vector Borne Dis. immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. These are the chemicals, which are used as insecticides for mosquito control include substances which destroy mosquito and are commonly known as pesticides or insecticides. Parasite. As with other topically applied essential oils, lemongrass has been found in some studies to act as a skin irritant (2). FULL SIZE FOR BEST VALUE: Our 8oz tin of No-Bite-Me cream is amazing for the seasoned traveler. Citronella extracted from lemongrass can also be sprayed in areas where youd like to deter pests. Almehmadi RM. dirus [47], respectively. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. This paper . 2008;103:52934. The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. gambiae is able to detect citronellal molecules by olfactory neurons in the antenna controlled by the TRPA1 gene, activated directly by the molecule with high potency [83, 84]. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. endobj 2014;4:S21420. [6], with 100% protection against An. This findings support the study of Dumay and Arcilla Jr. (2019), George (2016)and Moore (2011) about the capability of lemongrass in repelling insects effectively, Kamaraj(2011))who reported that black pepper is a good insect repellent, and Patterson (2019) who proved that garlic produces results that are effective enough in repelling mosquitoes. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. Kumar KP, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar AN, Hwang J-S, Barnard DR. 2008;15:1012. Lemongrass as the main ingredient for an Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2016;23:2322838. This chapter contains the process used in determining the effectiveness of Singh S, Raghavendra K, Dash A. It is also used to treat stomach ailments, diabetes, and other maladies. Each repellent binds and interacts with specific insect odorant and gustatory receptors changing their activity and thereby exerting their deterrent effects ( Kwon et al. Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Artemisia herba alba, Matricharia chamomella and Melia azedarach against Culex quinquefasciatus. Morehead JA. mosquitoes, and, (iii) reported the percentage of repellency or complete protection time. insect repellent. Eucalyptus globulus at 0.1ml dose in a study [47] repelled An. Just spray on and stay protected. Abiy E, Gebre-Michael T, Balkew M, Medhin G. Repellent efficacy of DEET, MyggA, neem (Azedirachta indica) oil and chinaberry (Melia azedarach) oil against Anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector in Ethiopia. Cookies policy. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. Distillation Process is technique used for separating substances which are Repellent compounds contained in this plant include alpha-pinene, citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol (Duke 2000). 2014;26:30510. constraint on development in poor regions can be the results if there are actions to Trav Med Infect Dis. Am J Biomed Life Sci. Is lemongrass oil as an insect repellent; Aegis Pest Service states that, Unlike the DEET insect repellent spray; 2014 ). Parasitol Res. Privacy PubMed Studies found that cats and dogs, although they can hear the waves, ultrasonic sound is inaudible to humans and household pets. 2010;3:6915. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810. endobj Other studies also found that turmeric oil repels An. [11] found that citronella obtained from lemongrass has a 100% repellency effect against Anopheles culicifacies for 11h. Amer et al. .uM.4/&@Kg,4]-iZ7- VdM!t20tICI^zR4KkE+BGo?woKDtG@3, X1u4FEck$RY'u8!. Lemon grass contains citral, which is an essential oil, having medicinal and other useful significance. 2001;26:7682. Konan Y, Sylla M, Doannio J, Traor S. Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. Google Scholar. Malar J 18, 436 (2019). Enviro Sci Pollut Res. Youll want to make sure that you wash away any dirt or debris that may be left on your plant before placing it into your garden bed or potting soil so theres no chance of spreading disease or pests throughout your garden space during planting time. trigger any allergies to the skin of the human subject. [22] also supported that rosemary at 1, 2.5 and 5mg/cm2 concentrations completely repels An. Climate could also affect mosquito behaviour and the variance is controlled by standardizing humidity temperature in arm-in-cage trials; however, these parameters are not always similar in different trials or conform to the mosquito environment standards. Baskar K, Sudha V, Nattudurai G, Ignacimuthu S, Duraipandiyan V, Jayakumar M, et al. 2009;41:28. Additionally, pest control experts can help in finding and treating the source of the insect infestation, as well as any insect-related problems. Repellency effects of essential oils of Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Marigold (Calendula officinalis) compared with DEET against Anopheles stephensi on human volunteers. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) Finally, current studies are difficult to be compared and the repellency effectiveness may also differ among subspecies. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8. alternative insect repellent. No problem: its an anti-itch cream too. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2003;89:1859. 2015;114:60112. The product was affordable to make since the researchers didnt cost the skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in Karunamoorthi et al. 1997;123:37986. J Genetic. Malaria Journal Phytochemistry. found that Neem extract is not affective against An. mosquitoes. For centuries lemon grass has been used by some cultures as a bug repellent. According to Amerasinghe (2006), major health gains and important Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Mosquito landing citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as a mosquito repellent in insects sprays borne diseases. 25/25 Repel. Google Scholar. Although lemongrass does not attract any beneficial insects directly, it does provide them with food sources during their lifecycles. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Lemon grass is popularly used for medical, food and insect repellent products Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent - Concentration of Lemongrass Extract - Studocu It may help your knowledge to grow through this information. and for keeping them safe. New Delhi: Springer; 2016. p. 19. All products are 100% handmade in the USA from organic locally sourced ingredients, and were completely cruelty-free. The location of this residence is in Catarman, limonene. Steam The following factors are discussed further with its relation to the published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Literature retrieval System of the Armed Forces Pest Management Board, Scopus and Google Scholar using the following Medical Subject Headings (Mesh) and keywords: (((Plant [Title/Abstract]) OR Plants [Title/Abstract]) OR herbal [Title/Abstract]) AND (botanical [Title/Abstract]) AND ((extract [Title/Abstract]) OR extracts [Title/Abstract]) AND ((essential oil [Title/Abstract]) OR essential oils [Title/Abstract]) AND (((((Insect repellent [Mesh]) OR repellents) OR repellent) OR repellence) OR repellency) AND ((Anopheles [Mesh]) OR Anopheles [Title/Abstract]). Kovendan K, Murugan K, Kumar PM, Thiyagarajan P, William SJ. This compound is found in citrus fruits and works to repel many insects. Methods: Multiple computerized databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and AMED, were searched for controlled laboratory experiments that compared the effectiveness of citronella products to control in repelling Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes using the . Constituents of essential oils from three plant species used in traditional medicine and insect control in Tanzania. 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Moreover, 20% gel of clove protected against An. Indian J Pharmacol. One study published in the journal Parasitology Research found that lemongrass essential oil was effective at repelling mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. [47] showed that orange repels An. Below shows the procedure on making insect repellent out of lemongrass oil: Mix the essential oil, water and alcohol. Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Murugan K. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae).
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