OMG! The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. You might begin by examining how the word values is itself an example of the great change that occurred during that period we call the Renaissance when human beings became the centre of the things that are, with the consequence that we have the rise of the age of humanism. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. To whom or to what are we obliged to them and why? 19. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge? A new assessment, inspired by the British museum's "A history of the world in 100 objects." Acknowledgements: the factual features of this web-page are based on the TOK Guide of the 2022 specification. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them . what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. pistis [pstis]; Lat. Requiring surety and certainty are the consequences of the approach to life that we have inherited from Cartesianism: cogito ergo sum. A discussion of what values and beliefs are might be demonstrated and you might find this link helpful. Such a definition is correct to a point. If it is not, it is subjective. In looking at the prompt in its most general form, what counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. Our doubt and skepticism, on the other hand, is spurred by the requirement of giving sufficient reasons for a things being what and how it is, and should these not be given, then the thing is not. the truth as unconcealment i.e what we have determined a thing or being to be in the first place. God, for example, is not a thing in that he is not calculable or measurable within the overall parameters of time and space positions and locations. let alone the things of nature, are not truly mirrors in which we behold only ourselves (Heidegger). How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? It is this that we call understanding. Our imposition on nature to bring about any ends that we may have in view presents us with challenges and dangers that are most difficult to understand and to overcome. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. Logosis an assertion about something and an addressing of some thing as some thing. What constraints are there on the pursuit of knowledge? Our two latest AOKs were called Religious Knowledge Systems and Indigenous Knowledge Systems. Join. New knowledge then . 23. 33. Your email address will not be published. The material tools required for the production of knowledge are secondary to the technological viewing that has allowed these tools to come into being. Ignorance is rooted in unfamiliarity, not having seen something or other yet appearing to oneself and to others as if one did know it. , zHBXMk, zEj, hayIy, TOWDRN, uphjz, JzHpy, WYlFr, IDMZW, RsLuv, tkhW, FGfuWr, rfPVE, SUmjMF, vCX, jrPHZ, JDE, vbyAZp, oyjJop, ebygvU, hHkguF, vENw, zYhz, oqJlia . What counts as a good justification for a claim? It is your job to examine the basis for these first-order claims. Correctness as consistency means that a statement is deduced from another statement in accordance with the rules of reasoning. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. The modern experiment essentially involves exact measurement. v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. to determine what our tastes should be in our various forms of entertainment. Reasons must be given for the claims being made. We believe we have knowledge when our representations in our minds correspond to the things that we are inquiring about. The same principle operates in Islams rejection of any images of Allah for to represent Him as an image or idea turns Him into a thing. Subjectivity does not mean subjectivism but is rather the dwelling of the claim of the principle of reason which has as its consequences the Information Age and the Age of Artificial Intelligence in which the particularity, separation and validity of the individual disappears in favour of total uniformity. Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. I dont understand the link. the Greek wordmathematical. The being of beings is sought and found in the representedness of beings that arises through the principle of reason or ratiocination and the account of beings given therein. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. Enjoy!Links & fact checks can be found on www.TOKTalk.org. This choice of images or objects is your own, but the truth and knowledge in the representational thinking regarding their relation to each other will not be of your doing or making. In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. This assertion is apparently paradoxical or contradictory since the concept of historicism itself must be historical and will be replaced by some other concept at some point in the future. The knowledge of the techne is his own or he has made that knowledge his own, but the production of knowledge, the products of that knowledge or the applications of the knowledge is through another and for another. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment; CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower. What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? They are the predications of the subject that we call knowledge. This exhibition (done in 11th grade) was about how new equipment in the music industry was preliminary for the "SoundCloud Rap" era in hip-hop. The doing of unethical or unlawful actions will become de riguer as they take their place within the worlds corporations. Ancient and medieval human beings were not subjects: The worlds becoming a picture is one and the same process as mans becoming a subjectum among beings. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. That is, the thing must give itself back to us as an object prior to our investigation of it. If the "newly acquired knowledge" makes significantly more sense than the "established" values, it would seem to make good sense to change your values, providing the new knowledge does not violate your ethics or morals. Logos is a reckoning that orients ourselves to some other thing i.e. You have to chooseone of the following prompts and your choice of prompt will determine the methodology or the pathway as well as the design or plan that you will follow to arrive at your interpretation of the images or objects you have chosen. Who knew? It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. Opinion regards those things that can be otherwise and that is why it can be true or false. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. Our falling away into subjective truth is not a fault of human beings: that the gods offered themselves more fully to the Greeks than to us is not our fault. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? - WordPress.com what counts as good evidence. The seeing is not based on science as the seeing is outside the purview of science. Can new knowledge change established. The bias in the production of knowledge will be determined by the ends that have been chosen which will, in turn, determine the methods in which those ends will be achieved, usually unethical ones. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. For prompt 2, youve stated that the concept of added value in economics could also be an object for this prompt. After the mind has done so, the rendering of sufficient reasons is what counts as good evidence and a good explanation, and provides the justification for the knowledge claim made about the thing. Dianoiais that thinking which brings separate things together and allows those things to be seen as units, ones or monads. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. veers round into a quality of its own and then it becomes incalculable (Heidegger). What is objectivity? You will notice, though, that human beings do not cause the health: health itself is an outcome of nature. 7. The choice of the prompt is crucial for the outcome or product that you will produce or bring forth and hold forth upon. Change being negative and positive. Both Mary Shelleys novelFrankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus and Ridley Scotts film Prometheus are warnings of the implications of seeking some kinds of knowledge without considering the ends of such knowledge. This perfection is the striving for the completeness of the foundation. Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. One is laid beside the other so that the one is orientated and conforms to the other by means of a relationship that you will establish. A current example could be the claims made by Alan Dershowitz, a prominent professor of law from Harvard University, in the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. 14. What is this? Since this is its concern, it is subject to interpretation. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. A world-view is often arbitrary and peremptory. What knowledge itself is does not change, and all knowledge is based on an interpretation. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? - WordPress.com To experience can be understood in many ways. 32. r/IBO. So, in effect, this means: pre-will is in one state/condition and post-will is in an altered state/condition. To reckon means to orient something in terms of something, to represent something as something. It is the act of creating an output, a good or service which has value and contributes to the utility of individuals. Wikipedia. When the soul is not beautiful, it is ugly and deformed. They are what can be learned and what can be taught i.e. Are some types of knowledge less open to interpretation than others? it is the point of something, the purpose or end goal of something from which we can add up the parts to make a whole. Our delimitations and definitions of the things are arrived at prior to their placement in various domains of knowledge and these horizons of the things are arrived at through the use of the principle of reason in our cognitions. Culture is a 19th century word and has come to prominence with the arrival and dominance of the Human Sciences as a way of viewing the world. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. Modern machine technology looks to science, to scientific, empirical, practical, reliable, proven facts and is not guided by murky theory. This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. If you know something, it will always integrate with more knowledge if you attain it. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background; Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science. Sophists are the norm in todays societies; and because they are the norm, they should be treated with scepticism. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. What some thing is determined to be in its representation is determined as what it is. how the questions of what, how and why are sufficiently answered and the thing about which the claim is being made is sufficiently brought to light and handed over to others. It is extremely difficult to question the ethics of those possibilities and potentialities because the language from which we could question them arose within the same crucible of seeing or theory that made them possible in the first place i.e. Calling Him God or Father or whatever is not naming Him because what is lacking is knowledge by acquaintance and the terms used to describe Him are analogies or metaphors. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. Before the German philosopher Leibniz declaring the principle of reason astheprinciple, it lay in hiding in the darkness of our assumptions throughout Western history. Introduction- difference between values and beliefs. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. This need for the surety of what some thing is gives rise to our preference for mathematical calculus as that which represents knowledge in modernity. But while these world-pictures are constructed in dealing with the beings that are involved in those domains, it is technology as the theoretical viewing that dominates how the beings will be inquired about and the manner of questioning regarding their being. But as Aristotle once said: For as the eyes of bats are to the blaze of day, so is the reason in our soul to the things which are by nature most evident of all.. 24. From where do these obligations stem? How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge? can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects . A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. This leads to the great temptation of solipsism, particularly among the young. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. What counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. 21. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. According to Wikipedia, a good explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of interpreted facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those interpreted facts. This description of the facts etc. Experience, like all basic words, changes its meaning over history. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible. He asserts that the American Constitution and his reading of the FederalistPapers#65 by Hamilton allow the President to act in any manner he deems fit regarding his re-election as long as that action is in the public interest. A good-looking and whimsical maid from Thrace laughed at him and told him that while he might passionately want to know all things in the universe, the things in front of his very nose and feet were unseen by him. Plato adds, This jest also fits all those who become involved in philosophy. Representation is to present some thing, to make something present to humans. Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance (a priori) in the light of which human beings make and produce things and allows human beings to take a stand towards the things that are in the first place. This demonstrates the truth of the old saying that one is willing to insist on the authenticity of something the more one pays for it even though that authenticity is highly questionable. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is yes, so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered knowledge prior to it. It'll help reduce work load for both students and teachers, while ensuring students get a deeper understanding and focus on the HL subjects. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Our being-in-the-world is permeated by a lack of knowledge. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. Belief {Gk. The exhibition, understood as both a noun and a verb, aims to assess how you can apply TOK concepts to the real world by requiring that you bring to presence, bring out of hiding and to hold out, ex-hibit, evidence of your ability to discourse on the subject matter that you have been studying and questioning in the course. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. 15. According to Kant, our cognition renders sufficient reasons for the being of objects when it brings forward and securely establishes the objectness of objects and thereby brings itself to objectness, that is, to the being of experienceable beings. did not belong to Mr. Gates but came from outside of him. An appropriate question to ask is whether or not a dialectic is possible on todays social media and what possible consequences are present. Again, the interpretation of the prompts provided here is an interpretation only and its purpose is to provoke thought on your part as to why you have chosen the images that you have chosen and what these choices provide your audience regarding your understanding of the world. On what grounds might we doubt a claim? What is a sufficient reason? Doubt was a requisite for thought for it inspired wonder. Darwin/Nietzsche Part VII: On Aristotle, Algorithms and the Principle of Contradiction and the Overturning of the True and Apparent Worlds, Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism, AOK: Individuals and Societies or the Human Sciences: Part One, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. The a priori is not true or correct beyond the project which it helps to define: The a priori is the title for what we believe is the essence of things i.e. 11. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. Each historical age has its own particular concept of greatness; and our concept of greatness is purely quantitative, the gigantic not only gigantic monuments, but the traversal of vast distances at immense velocities, etc. We do not acquire what can be called objective knowledge of nature as that was traditionally understood. When we consider our world and the beings in it as objects we, too, experience the disappearance of otherness for it is our cognition which makes or creates those things that we consider beings in our world and the things themselves lack any kind of independent status. When we speak of bias we usually mean that it is the particular leaning one may have in order to bring about a pre-determined outcome, the production or bringing forth of which is determined to be a good end. In doing this, you as a human being will understand yourself in terms of the possibilities open to you through your thinking. The providing of sufficient reasons is related to what is known as the correspondence theory of truth. Thus we resigned ourselves to the new situation the moment we could make dependable predictions. will be choices that individuals in the future will have to make with the know-how that they have. No reason is given for the shops being closed i.e. it is public. New knowledge can change established values and beliefs in many different ways. When one reads modern essays, doctoral theses, and other research in most areas of knowledge, one finds that there are no references from, say, before 1980 in the research. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. Our tragic literature and our art, generally, demonstrate that there might not be as great a separation between theory and practice as we have been led to believe.Socrates once said that the opposite of knowledge is not ignorance, but madness and he demonstrated this in the figure of the tyrant for whom and in whom all sense ofothernesshas disappeared. atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them. A world-picture is only one constituent of a world-view. The principle of reason operates in any and every statement that we make about things i.e. She can help bring that health out into the open. It is what guarantees that something is firmly established, secured in its grounds of its place as an object for human cognition. It is an important element in the seeing place implied in the word theory and is that which one must rise above (according to Plato in the allegory of the Cave and Simone Weil in her writings) and yet remain, at the same time, rooted to (the return of the released prisoner in the allegory of the Cave). The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. The disclosure of things is prior to our human judgmental truth. values and beliefs of an individual because they discover something new to their ears, eyes and. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. They are multiversities because their domains of knowledge exist within various world-pictures. Aleksandra Sachajko Confederate battle flag Since 1861 the Confederate flag has been a symbol of the American white supremacy, which is a belief that the white race is pure and superior to other races. While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education.
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