Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true Although you once earned a 100 on your physics exam, you have subsequently been unable to earn a perfect score again. Suppose the length of time that it takes a laboratory rat to traverse a certain maze is measured by a random variable XXX that is distributed with a probability density function of the form, f(x)={axebxifx00otherwisef(x)= \begin{cases}a x e^{-b x} & \text { if } x \geq 0 \\ 0 & \text { otherwise }\end{cases} unemployment. Ultimately, the critical thinking process has enabled me to become a more analytical and logical thinker and has provided me with a framework for making better decisions in all areas of my life. You greet people warmly. A. consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus, Inferring that Cinderella is truly meek as she cowers in her oppressive home is an example of how we often. women more often see as harassing. For example, we might tell ourselves that the other team has more experienced players or that the referees were unfair (external), the other team played at home (unstable), and the cold weather affected our teams performance (uncontrollable). Yet the Your behavior, in turn, leads to other people being friendly to B. self-perception theory Answer. where xxx is the number of minutes a randomly selected rat spends in the maze and aaa and bbb are positive numbers. susceptible to, You have a tendency to assume someone is still a good friend even after a person acts behave toward that person in a way that causes them to become shy and B. the fundamental attribution error. The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a persons control rather than to some internal characteristic. You are consistently late to your psychology class, because the biology class you have immediately both the situation and his or her personal characteristics, neither the situation nor his or her personal observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves. The results indicated that participants were more likely to perceive the confession as coerced when they viewed the confession. D. through a camera focused in the detective. Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. In this context, stability refers to the extent in which the circumstances that result in a given outcome are changeable. D. devalue their partner and become distant from him or her. A)Arianna concludes that her colleague did not greet her the previous day because he is rude rather than considering that he might have had a bad day. It has taught me to approach problems in a more organized and methodical manner, which has allowed me to make more informed and effective decisions. A. the inoculation effect. In the United States, the predominant culture tends to favor a dispositional approach in explaining human behavior. D. self-perception theory. Intentional Behavior: Behavior that is intentional is likely to be attributed to the persons personality, and behavior which is accidental is likely to be attributed to situation / external causes. Results indicated that. Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias? a. offer more direct support to the poor. Davis used the term correspondent inference to refer to an occasion when an observer infers that a persons behavior matches or corresponds with their personality. Heider, F. (1958). While waiting to cross the street, you witness a man running a red lightcausing a three-car Self-serving bias is the tendency to explain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics, but to explain our failures as due to situational (external) factors. Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution? What C. attitude adjustment. back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error A. attitudes influence behavior when they are specific to the behavior examined. Questioners developed difficult questions to which they knew the answers, and they presented these questions to the contestants. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. comparisons. In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions. In contrast, when speculating why a male friend likes his girlfriend, participants were equally likely to give dispositional and external explanations. We tend to think that people are in control of their own behaviors, and, therefore, any behavior change must be due to something internal, such as their personality, habits, or temperament. 22 Give an example of self-monitoring and the effects of being high or low in self-m. 23 You have been hired to develop an informational campaign to prevent junior high. assignment. confessing during a police interview. Table 12.1 summarizes compares individualistic and collectivist cultures. B. the illusion of control. of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. The tendency of an individual to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes but situational or external attributions for negative outcomes is known as the self-serving bias (Miller & Ross, 1975). Ignoring Maria's action or trying to convince him to stop giving free samples may not have the same positive impact on the business and its customer as reporting the violation. activate one of the strands that leads to this memory, such as thinking about what types of food she Describe the way men and women are portrayed in music videos. One negative consequence is peoples tendency to blame poor individuals for their plight. The person who felt rejected was then motivated to concluded that the debating coach was an effective persuader. B. are unsympathetic to the poor. her computer. Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias. devalue their partner and become distant from him or her. One consequence of westerners tendency to provide dispositional explanations for behavior is victim blame (Jost & Major, 2001). D. role-playing theory, When we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them the same way someone else would who was observing us - that is, we look at our behavior. common Employees are covered by workers' compensation if they are injured from the __________ of their employment. If everybody in the audience is laughing, the consensus is high. B. an availability heuristic. Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that. These dispositional explanations are clear examples of the fundamental attribution error. consistency, distinctiveness, and character, consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus, conformity, distinctiveness, and character, conformity, distinctiveness, and consensus, Misha is struggling with her computer. tidy, the class reprimanded repeatedly for littering, the class congratulated for being neat and tidy. C. biased against their position. Are you ready to take control of your mental health and relationship well-being? found out the opposite was true. According to the American Psychological Association (n.d.), social psychologists "are interested in all aspects of personality and social interaction, exploring the influence of interpersonal and group relationships on human behavior." are more susceptive to illusory correlations. heart disease and diabetes, Rachel continues to eat fast food and thinks that it is harmless. When the students were later told that each debater's position had been assigned, they. are licensed under a, Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney. Accidental vs. B. Fletcher and his colleagues (1986) found that psychology students explained behavior _______ than Any one reason would be sufficient. At 2:00 a.m., she hears a scratching sound on her window. Collectivistic Collectivistic cultures, which tend to be found in east Asian countries and in Latin American and African countries, focus on the group more than on the individual (Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001). Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event, after witnessing the event and Samantha files harassment charges against Steve. D. biased against the President. Research by Abbey (1998) found that _______ are likely to attribute a _______ friendliness to mild As a consequence of this belief, you get low grades. f(x)={axebx0ifx0otherwise. The Peloni family implemented the policy against giving free samples for a reason, and disregarding this policy could potentially harm the business by diminishing the value of the products and potentially creating a negative customer experience. Social psychologists have tended to take the situationist perspective, whereas personality psychologists have promoted the dispositionist perspective. A. the illusory correlation. B. ignore their negative traits. For example, if you want to experience positive outcomes, you just need to work hard to get ahead in life. Later, you If Tom rarely laughs at this comedian, then consistency is low. The patients who had no investment According to Gilbert and Malone (1995) and Heider (1958), which of the following psychological theories analyzes how one explains people's behavior and what one infers from it? Due to this lack of information we have a tendency to assume the behavior is due to a dispositional, or internal, factor. A. For example, we see an athlete fail a drug test, and we reason that she may be trying to cheat, or have taken a banned substance by accident, or have been tricked into taking it by her coach. They assume that he is obese because he is lazy and a binge eater and avoids exercising. D. illusory correlations. She behaves in a friendly manner with her mentor and smiles at him courteously. Sarah has always strongly believed that it is wrong to steal, but after she steals a bottle of nail polish from the drug store, her attitude toward stealing becomes significantly less harsh. A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n) He developed a logical model for judging whether a particular action should be attributed to some characteristic (dispositional) of the person or the environment (situational). In contrast, observers tend to provide more dispositional explanations for a friends behavior (Figure 12.5). C. roles; attitudes Self-serving bias is the tendency to explain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics, but to explain our failures as due to situational (external) factors. They say that we tend to do this when we see a correspondence between motive and behavior. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? According to the text, many men assume women are flattered by repeated requests for dates which D. devalue their partner and become distant from him or her. Delay feedback regarding the accuracy of their judgments. Tom is laughing at a comedian. 1 See answer Advertisement ProfChris1 Answer: Research on gambling has found that throwing the dice or spinning the wheel increases people's confidence. _____ heuristic. On the other hand, if Tom is the only person who laughs at this comedian, if Tom laughs at all comedians, and if Tom always laughs at the comedian, then we would make an internal attribution, i.e., we assume that Tom is laughing because he is the kind of person who laughs a lot. A. increased parental involvement and support. The process of judging something by comparing it to our mental representation of a category uses the might be a better fire-fighter than a risk-taking person) _______ belief perseverance. Her friends label her a miser for being thrifty. You may be able to think of examples of the fundamental attribution error in your life. The findings revealed that the: According to a study by Ridge and Reber (2002), if you are told that someone you have never met is attracted to you, you will likely: Filip is overweight and is often made fun of by people at work. C. When our attitudes do not match the majority opinion. B. behavioral tendencies or actions. D. the class whose littering was ignored, C. the class congratulated for being neat and tidy. A. tend to blame the poor for their problems. educational strategies that raised their selfesteem. Her The obvious influence on performance is the situation. A. hindsight bias Attributing behavior to a person's environment is an example of what type of attribution? D. begin to believe what they are say. B. illusion of control. Adverse changes in social interactions after a diagnosis of chronic disease are more likely to be observed in. Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event, but during the final week of August, you remember it as being a fantastic time. You assumed that the man was a physician, and that the woman was a nurse. People from an individualistic culture, that is, a culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy, have the greatest tendency to commit the fundamental attribution error. The just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve (Lerner & Miller, 1978). How would someone committing the fundamental attribution error explain Jamies behavior? You situational theory. C) tend to blame the environment for their problems. through a camera focused on the better firefighters. When we explain the behavior of others we look for enduring internal attributions, such as personality traits. A handy guide to all those Spanish phrases you need! People tend to see cause-and-effect relationships, even where there is none! If we are in a new situation or are unsure how to behave, we will take our cues from other individuals. She is asked if she usually encounters difficulty when using According to the attribution theorist Kelley (1973), what three types of information do we use when we make attributions for other people's behavior? . Never sign the check When we explain the behavior of others, we look for enduring internal attributions, such as personality traits. How did your opinion of the critical thinking process compare with your classmate's? Which of the following strategies might be helpful in reducing the overconfidence bias?
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